WEBVTT 00:03.109 --> 00:05.220 Good morning , ladies and gentlemen , 00:06.420 --> 00:09.760 distinguished delegates to the summit . 00:11.020 --> 00:12.964 I hope you all enjoyed the opening 00:12.964 --> 00:16.510 ceremony yesterday , as well as the 00:16.520 --> 00:17.659 reception dinner 00:19.639 --> 00:22.389 inclusive of the boat crew . 00:24.530 --> 00:27.700 This morning , we have an important 00:27.709 --> 00:31.120 plenary session which is planned to 00:31.129 --> 00:34.200 discuss human trafficking 00:34.939 --> 00:38.389 and migration and their impacts 00:38.540 --> 00:42.349 on security . When we talk about 00:42.360 --> 00:44.970 migration , when we talk about human 00:44.979 --> 00:48.409 trafficking , in most cases , we are 00:48.419 --> 00:49.680 thinking Europe 00:52.330 --> 00:54.529 suffice to mention distinguished 00:54.540 --> 00:57.360 delegates that there is a lot of this 00:57.369 --> 01:01.250 vice happening right here on our 01:01.259 --> 01:05.208 continent . One of the flash 01:05.579 --> 01:09.179 news items yesterday here in Zambia 01:09.189 --> 01:12.510 where you are was an interception 01:13.379 --> 01:16.790 of a truck laden with 01:16.800 --> 01:20.660 52 illegal immigrants from 01:20.669 --> 01:24.349 the horn of Africa heading down to 01:24.569 --> 01:28.480 South Africa . What we may 01:28.489 --> 01:32.400 not know is whether all 01:32.410 --> 01:36.250 these illegal immigrants , economic 01:36.470 --> 01:40.180 immigrants , others 01:40.190 --> 01:44.059 may have other motives of going 01:44.199 --> 01:47.410 to join terrorist activities 01:47.790 --> 01:51.180 where these are happening . And 01:51.190 --> 01:54.099 therefore this becomes a topical issue 01:54.849 --> 01:57.800 that should be discussed in a forum 01:57.809 --> 02:01.800 such as this one . It is 02:01.809 --> 02:04.819 my honor and privilege this morning . 02:04.830 --> 02:08.000 Ladies and gentlemen , to welcome the 02:08.009 --> 02:10.520 panel of experts that are going to 02:10.529 --> 02:14.320 discuss this topic this morning and for 02:14.330 --> 02:17.979 this session our moderator 02:18.300 --> 02:21.899 will be Brigadier General Kennedy 02:22.889 --> 02:23.889 SBE . 02:26.440 --> 02:30.050 General . Saom is currently serving as 02:30.059 --> 02:34.009 Director General education libraries 02:34.020 --> 02:36.539 and museums in the Zambia Army . 02:38.169 --> 02:41.070 He holds a master of arts in peace and 02:41.080 --> 02:43.710 conflict studies , which he obtained 02:43.720 --> 02:46.289 from the Copperbelt University , a 02:46.300 --> 02:49.320 bachelor of arts degree in education 02:49.830 --> 02:53.169 from the University of Zambia . And a 02:53.179 --> 02:57.130 diploma in defense and security studies 02:57.309 --> 02:59.940 also obtained from the University of 02:59.949 --> 03:03.910 Zambia . He is an 03:03.919 --> 03:06.910 accredited author with a professional 03:06.919 --> 03:09.789 Authors Association of Zambia , a 03:09.800 --> 03:12.869 researcher and he has written several 03:12.880 --> 03:16.389 articles in international journals , 03:16.399 --> 03:20.300 newspapers and magazines . During his 03:20.309 --> 03:23.649 service , Brigadier General Ombe has 03:23.660 --> 03:26.740 held several appointments that includes 03:26.750 --> 03:29.910 Deputy director , education director of 03:29.919 --> 03:32.800 Records in the Zambia Army and Deputy 03:32.809 --> 03:35.619 Director General Education Libraries 03:35.630 --> 03:39.600 and museums . He has also served under 03:39.610 --> 03:42.169 the United Nations in the Democratic 03:42.179 --> 03:44.759 Republic of the Congo as a Staff 03:44.770 --> 03:48.690 Officer General SBE . Thank 03:48.699 --> 03:51.710 you very much for your attendance and I 03:51.720 --> 03:55.059 now invite you to come to the podium to 03:55.070 --> 03:56.889 introduce the panelists . 04:09.360 --> 04:13.199 Our distinguished delegates allow me 04:13.210 --> 04:16.220 to write on the protocol already so 04:16.230 --> 04:19.179 established by the director of programs . 04:19.989 --> 04:21.822 Thank you very much for the kind 04:21.822 --> 04:24.149 introduction . Ladies and gentlemen , 04:24.160 --> 04:27.769 our esteemed delegates . It is a great 04:27.779 --> 04:30.570 honor and privilege to serve as 04:30.579 --> 04:33.829 moderator for this very important and 04:33.839 --> 04:37.440 multifaceted topic on human trafficking . 04:37.510 --> 04:40.250 Migration impacts on 04:40.519 --> 04:43.470 security , human trafficking and 04:43.480 --> 04:46.660 migration have significant impact on 04:46.670 --> 04:49.730 security encompassing various 04:49.739 --> 04:52.750 dimensions as we shall hear from our 04:52.760 --> 04:54.779 presenters and the insights that we 04:54.790 --> 04:56.850 shall get from the land Forces 04:56.859 --> 04:59.260 commanders . I look forward to 04:59.269 --> 05:01.910 facilitating a very successive 05:01.920 --> 05:04.980 discussion that will lead to actionable 05:04.989 --> 05:07.820 solutions so that we combat the 05:07.829 --> 05:10.220 security challenges that come about 05:10.230 --> 05:12.100 because of human trafficking and 05:12.109 --> 05:15.179 migration . TAO may not allow us to 05:15.190 --> 05:18.660 discuss all the areas of interest . But 05:18.670 --> 05:21.959 this presentation and the discussion is 05:21.970 --> 05:25.230 meant to ignite interests and further 05:25.239 --> 05:28.829 discussion on this topical issue allow 05:28.839 --> 05:32.000 me now to introduce the presenters for 05:32.010 --> 05:35.299 this important topic . The first 05:35.309 --> 05:37.589 presenter is Miss Blair Hans 05:39.910 --> 05:42.890 was just on my immediate left , Miss 05:42.899 --> 05:45.149 Blair Hans is currently serving as 05:45.160 --> 05:48.220 senior lecturer and the Oceania and a 05:48.230 --> 05:51.570 senior regional program leads in the 05:51.579 --> 05:54.209 regional advising division at the 05:54.220 --> 05:57.079 Institute for Security Governance . 05:58.049 --> 05:59.993 The institute is the institutional 05:59.993 --> 06:02.630 capacity building center of excellence 06:02.640 --> 06:04.910 for the defense Security Corporation 06:05.119 --> 06:08.510 agents as part of the Defense Security 06:08.519 --> 06:11.670 Corporation University . She is 06:11.679 --> 06:14.709 responsible for coordinating planning 06:14.720 --> 06:16.850 and executing institutional capacity 06:16.910 --> 06:19.459 building activities in support of 06:19.470 --> 06:22.149 country capabilities development and 06:22.160 --> 06:24.890 sustainment . Prior to joining the 06:24.899 --> 06:28.380 Institute in 2014 , she worked as a 06:28.390 --> 06:31.640 liaison for military to military 06:31.769 --> 06:35.709 exercises in the Indo Pacific region . 06:36.519 --> 06:39.059 MS Blair was commissioned in the United 06:39.070 --> 06:41.720 States Army from the California State 06:41.730 --> 06:45.260 University and retired from army 06:45.760 --> 06:49.220 in 2012 after serving for 06:49.230 --> 06:52.989 21 years in military intelligence and 06:53.000 --> 06:56.329 strategic plans and police . Her 06:56.339 --> 06:59.309 previous assignments include multi 06:59.350 --> 07:01.769 national military training and exercise 07:01.779 --> 07:04.410 planning for the USA Army 07:04.929 --> 07:08.410 Pacific , teaching political science 07:08.709 --> 07:11.019 and comparative politics at the United 07:11.029 --> 07:14.640 States Military Academy at West Point 07:15.179 --> 07:17.390 and postings to the United States Army 07:17.399 --> 07:20.600 Special Operations Command , the Second 07:21.239 --> 07:23.940 Airborne Division and the Second 07:24.209 --> 07:27.200 Infantry Division in South Korea . She 07:27.209 --> 07:29.850 holds a master's degree in Political 07:29.940 --> 07:33.700 Science . Ladies and gentlemen , join 07:33.709 --> 07:37.179 me in welcoming Miss Blair Hans . 07:42.429 --> 07:45.660 Our second presenter is Miss Nama 07:46.220 --> 07:50.119 Tama Mildred Pulo Saka . She 07:50.130 --> 07:52.779 is a gender advisor in the Southern 07:52.790 --> 07:55.890 African Development Community SADC 07:55.899 --> 07:59.489 Mission in Mozambique Samim where she 07:59.500 --> 08:02.880 has served for two years prior to her 08:02.890 --> 08:05.549 deployment to Samim . She served as a 08:05.559 --> 08:08.420 gender equality and social inclusion 08:08.649 --> 08:11.869 advisor . Previously , she has held 08:11.880 --> 08:14.980 several positions in the government of 08:14.989 --> 08:17.190 the Republic of Zambia , including 08:17.200 --> 08:19.929 director in the Ministry of Community 08:19.940 --> 08:23.750 Development and Social Services , 08:24.049 --> 08:26.040 deputy director in the Ministry of 08:26.049 --> 08:29.250 Gender Documentaries in the Gender 08:29.260 --> 08:32.340 Development Division and as a librarian 08:32.349 --> 08:34.950 in the Ministry of Agriculture and 08:34.960 --> 08:37.999 Livestock . In her current position , 08:38.388 --> 08:42.028 MS Sabir provides police and technical 08:42.039 --> 08:45.588 advice within Samim to the government 08:45.598 --> 08:48.908 of Mozambique and Partners regarding 08:48.919 --> 08:51.908 the advancement of gender equality and 08:51.919 --> 08:55.869 women's rights . Her specific areas of 08:55.879 --> 08:58.989 expertise include gender 08:58.999 --> 09:02.388 mainstreaming , prevention and response 09:02.398 --> 09:05.068 to gender-based violence , child , 09:05.078 --> 09:08.090 marriage prevention of sexual 09:08.099 --> 09:11.330 exploitation to mention . But I fume , 09:12.140 --> 09:14.251 she holds a master's degree in gender 09:14.251 --> 09:16.196 studies and a Bachelor's degree in 09:16.196 --> 09:19.520 Library and Information Science from 09:19.530 --> 09:22.489 the University of Zambia . She holds a 09:22.500 --> 09:26.039 postgraduate diploma in sexual and 09:26.049 --> 09:29.599 reproductive health and she has several 09:29.609 --> 09:31.619 certificates in various fields 09:31.630 --> 09:33.929 including peace support operations . 09:34.520 --> 09:37.030 Ladies and gentlemen , join me in 09:37.039 --> 09:38.739 welcoming Miss Sucker 09:44.359 --> 09:47.369 our third and last presenter is 09:47.380 --> 09:51.250 Professor Owen Stone . He is 09:51.260 --> 09:53.204 currently serving as a coordinator 09:53.204 --> 09:56.830 Zambia Catholic University Center for 09:56.840 --> 10:00.580 sustainable Development . Professor 10:00.929 --> 10:04.659 Sony is a Cambridge Ted and scholar and 10:04.669 --> 10:07.690 read his phd at ST Edmund's College 10:07.700 --> 10:10.859 Cambridge University . He has lectured 10:10.869 --> 10:14.159 at major Southern African Universities 10:14.169 --> 10:16.280 that include the University of Zambia 10:16.280 --> 10:19.630 Mong Universities and 10:20.369 --> 10:23.979 in South Africa , Cape Town Pretoria 10:24.090 --> 10:27.989 and in Zimbabwe . He was 2005 India 10:28.000 --> 10:30.859 Council for Cultural Relations , Nelson 10:30.869 --> 10:34.130 Mandela , professor for African Studies 10:34.140 --> 10:35.862 at the School of International 10:35.862 --> 10:39.679 Relations in New Delhi , India . From 10:39.690 --> 10:43.090 2001 to 2017 . He served as 10:43.099 --> 10:46.460 proposal reviewer , selector and 10:46.469 --> 10:49.820 researcher advisor for researchers 10:49.830 --> 10:53.340 working on the theme African youth in a 10:53.349 --> 10:57.229 global age and next generation Social 10:57.239 --> 11:00.609 Sciences in Africa Fellowship Program 11:00.619 --> 11:03.179 for the Social Science Research Council 11:03.250 --> 11:06.010 in New York . From 2015 to 11:06.020 --> 11:10.020 2023 . He has participated in the 11:10.030 --> 11:13.789 annual CJ operations , Uhuru as head of 11:13.799 --> 11:17.289 civilian components and head of mission 11:18.190 --> 11:20.590 Uhuru at Zambia Command and Staff 11:20.710 --> 11:23.849 College , Botswana Command and Staff , 11:23.859 --> 11:26.869 courage , and Zimbabwe Command and 11:26.880 --> 11:29.210 staff courage . Other public 11:29.219 --> 11:31.440 assignments include membership to the 11:31.450 --> 11:33.979 electoral Eminent Persons Group 11:34.619 --> 11:36.940 Advisory Committee on Electoral 11:36.950 --> 11:39.840 Commission of Zambia and Presidential 11:39.849 --> 11:42.789 Commission of Inquiry into voting 11:42.799 --> 11:45.840 patterns and electoral violence in 11:45.849 --> 11:48.609 Zambia . As a professor , he has 11:48.619 --> 11:50.710 published several 11:51.549 --> 11:54.270 publications . Ladies and gentlemen 11:54.419 --> 11:58.080 join me in welcoming Professor Owen 11:58.340 --> 11:59.340 Stone , 12:03.510 --> 12:05.559 our distinguished delegates . Each 12:05.570 --> 12:09.520 presenter is allotted 10 to 12 minutes 12:09.530 --> 12:13.179 to do the presentation . Thereafter I 12:13.190 --> 12:15.619 open the floor to the delegates 12:15.630 --> 12:17.690 especially priority will be given to 12:17.700 --> 12:20.520 the land Forces commanders to share 12:20.530 --> 12:22.919 their insights on the topic and 12:23.025 --> 12:25.585 discussion . And I request that we are 12:25.594 --> 12:28.445 as brief as possible so that we allow 12:28.455 --> 12:32.164 as many comments as possible within 12:32.265 --> 12:36.155 the time allotted to us . It is now my 12:36.164 --> 12:38.705 rare honor and privilege to welcome to 12:38.715 --> 12:42.405 the podium , Miss Blair Hans . 12:49.469 --> 12:51.580 Good morning . Ladies and gentlemen , 12:51.580 --> 12:54.059 it's an honor to be here . I know the 12:54.070 --> 12:56.320 topic today is migration and 12:56.330 --> 12:58.719 trafficking . But I'd like to focus on 12:58.729 --> 13:00.880 the gender considerations related to 13:00.890 --> 13:04.369 these topics . Migration is only part 13:04.380 --> 13:07.090 of the challenge that we face as a a 13:07.099 --> 13:09.770 world , refugees and internal 13:09.780 --> 13:11.979 displacement are similar and often 13:11.989 --> 13:14.349 linked issues that countries face that 13:14.359 --> 13:16.570 create conditions favorable for 13:16.580 --> 13:19.729 traffickers . Why do people move 13:19.739 --> 13:22.989 climate conflict and commerce trying to 13:23.000 --> 13:25.111 be a little bit clever there with all 13:25.111 --> 13:29.059 the seas ? But you get the idea , often 13:29.070 --> 13:31.979 these challenges or reasons are seen as 13:31.989 --> 13:34.849 political or economic , not directly or 13:34.859 --> 13:38.020 security related issues . So why should 13:38.030 --> 13:40.141 we in the defense and security realms 13:40.141 --> 13:42.909 care about it ? Because populations on 13:42.919 --> 13:44.840 the move impact our operational 13:44.849 --> 13:47.409 environments and if not addressed can 13:47.419 --> 13:50.340 create security threats . I'd like to 13:50.349 --> 13:52.859 propose that adding gender as a 13:52.869 --> 13:55.219 planning consideration can hance and 13:55.229 --> 13:57.090 improve results . 13:59.539 --> 14:01.520 The basis for proposing a gender 14:01.530 --> 14:04.559 perspective can be found in un security 14:04.570 --> 14:08.020 resolution 1325 which I'm sure many of 14:08.030 --> 14:10.840 you are familiar with this for this 14:10.849 --> 14:13.059 panel , the prevention and protection 14:13.070 --> 14:16.330 pillars are relevant . But all four are 14:16.340 --> 14:17.960 useful for us to consider . 14:20.469 --> 14:22.130 So who are the vulnerable in 14:22.140 --> 14:25.000 displacement and migration , women , 14:25.010 --> 14:27.640 girls and boys are often the ones we 14:27.650 --> 14:30.770 focus on but the widows handicapped and 14:30.780 --> 14:33.250 other populations can also be 14:33.260 --> 14:36.000 considered vulnerable in these um 14:36.770 --> 14:40.450 phases . Why are they vulnerable ? 14:40.869 --> 14:42.869 The breakdown of society that comes 14:42.869 --> 14:46.460 with crisis reduces or removes the 14:46.469 --> 14:50.369 normal societal protections . What 14:50.380 --> 14:53.099 are these vulnerabilities ? Trafficking 14:53.109 --> 14:55.331 is one of the big ones and the one that 14:55.331 --> 14:58.909 we are focusing on today . But there 14:58.919 --> 15:00.363 are some other additional 15:00.363 --> 15:02.530 vulnerabilities that are listed here . 15:06.070 --> 15:08.849 So how can security and defense forces 15:08.859 --> 15:12.039 prepare and plan to reduce threats to 15:12.049 --> 15:15.020 vulnerable populations ? Here are some 15:15.030 --> 15:17.409 practical considerations and planning 15:17.419 --> 15:20.210 factors ranging from how you arrange 15:20.219 --> 15:23.169 camps for the migrants or refugees or 15:23.179 --> 15:26.650 displaced aid , distribution plans , 15:26.659 --> 15:29.770 health access representation and 15:29.780 --> 15:32.340 general security in camps or areas 15:32.349 --> 15:34.330 where this displaced are held . 15:37.119 --> 15:39.230 Here are some recommendations . These 15:39.230 --> 15:41.230 are mine , they are not from the US 15:41.230 --> 15:44.599 government , the gender 15:44.609 --> 15:47.429 advisors at all , staff planning levels , 15:48.320 --> 15:51.140 incorporation of local national and 15:51.150 --> 15:53.549 regional women's organizations in 15:53.559 --> 15:56.919 preparation and response . Africa has 15:56.929 --> 15:59.159 an amazing tradition of strong civil 15:59.169 --> 16:02.210 society and women led and women focus 16:02.219 --> 16:05.719 groups to refer to . And the third 16:05.729 --> 16:07.780 is training and awareness on 16:07.789 --> 16:10.640 trafficking indicators for all 16:10.650 --> 16:13.559 personnel along with resources to 16:13.570 --> 16:15.719 address and support the victims . 16:18.210 --> 16:20.929 In summary , trafficking is a risk for 16:20.940 --> 16:23.609 vulnerable populations and this risk is 16:23.619 --> 16:26.530 higher during any displacement event . 16:27.250 --> 16:30.400 Women , girls and boys are some of the 16:30.409 --> 16:32.700 most vulnerable of society . 16:34.229 --> 16:36.049 There are normative roles and 16:36.059 --> 16:38.049 responsibilities for defense and 16:38.059 --> 16:40.590 security forces to protect vulnerable 16:40.599 --> 16:43.770 populations but also practical threat 16:43.780 --> 16:46.210 prevention considerations to do so . 16:47.599 --> 16:49.543 Having knowledgeable people in the 16:49.543 --> 16:51.710 planning for operations , the gender 16:51.719 --> 16:53.820 advisors , the women's groups , anti 16:53.830 --> 16:56.150 trafficking experts can help your 16:56.159 --> 16:58.799 forces to be better prepared to respond 16:58.809 --> 17:01.140 for the tra trafficking challenges , 17:01.150 --> 17:03.710 better support victims and reduce 17:03.719 --> 17:05.663 potential security threats to your 17:05.663 --> 17:08.058 forces . Thank you . 17:34.739 --> 17:38.640 Good morning . Allow me 17:38.650 --> 17:42.199 to thank the government of the Republic 17:42.209 --> 17:45.410 of Zambia and the US government 17:48.520 --> 17:51.030 for inviting me to participate in this 17:51.040 --> 17:54.699 important event . So my role is to talk 17:54.709 --> 17:58.459 about the impact of violent extremism 17:58.469 --> 18:00.810 on women and Children in Kabo Delgado 18:01.229 --> 18:02.780 province of Mozambique . 18:05.650 --> 18:07.930 I won't talk about the presentation 18:07.939 --> 18:11.500 outline . I'll go straight into uh 18:11.959 --> 18:14.680 making the actual presentation . So the 18:14.689 --> 18:16.856 background is that the sadc mission in 18:16.856 --> 18:19.540 Mozambique was deployed in July 18:19.550 --> 18:23.400 2021 . Uh The initial plan was 18:23.410 --> 18:26.250 that it should just run for six months , 18:26.609 --> 18:29.780 but it has since been in existence for 18:29.790 --> 18:33.790 three years now . So Cabo 18:33.810 --> 18:37.520 Delgado province has been under siege 18:37.530 --> 18:40.079 by the insurgents since 2017 . 18:41.319 --> 18:44.569 And it is estimated that over a million 18:45.369 --> 18:47.536 people have been displaced within Kabo 18:47.569 --> 18:50.900 Delgado and the majority are women and 18:50.910 --> 18:54.729 Children as widows and as orphaned 18:56.670 --> 18:59.400 and more than 5000 people have died 18:59.410 --> 19:00.689 since 2017 . 19:03.599 --> 19:06.930 So the impact of um violent 19:06.939 --> 19:09.560 extremism on women is that there are , 19:09.569 --> 19:12.050 there is high rate of gender based 19:12.060 --> 19:14.790 violence within the communities and 19:14.800 --> 19:18.650 also in the ID P camps , there is a 19:18.660 --> 19:22.530 high rate of food insecurity within 19:22.540 --> 19:26.229 the the province . There is , there are 19:26.239 --> 19:29.920 some cases of um sexual exploitation 19:29.930 --> 19:32.180 and abuse that have been reported 19:32.189 --> 19:34.189 within the communities , especially 19:34.400 --> 19:36.890 when the pe the internally displaced 19:36.900 --> 19:39.229 persons are supposed to register for 19:39.239 --> 19:42.959 humanitarian assistance . There are 19:42.969 --> 19:46.160 also high rates of child marriages 19:46.709 --> 19:48.699 and teenage pregnancies within the 19:48.709 --> 19:49.670 communities . 19:52.939 --> 19:56.260 Most of the Children have been affected 19:56.270 --> 19:58.900 because the majority haven't been to 19:58.910 --> 20:02.530 school for over three years now . So 20:02.540 --> 20:04.596 when there is no , when they are not 20:04.596 --> 20:06.818 attending school , it means there are a 20:06.818 --> 20:09.040 lot of other issues that come with it . 20:09.040 --> 20:10.873 Hence , the high rate of teenage 20:10.880 --> 20:13.699 pregnancies and some parents feel they 20:13.709 --> 20:15.939 would rather marry off some of their 20:15.949 --> 20:17.782 Children so that they get rid of 20:17.790 --> 20:19.109 feeding more mouths . 20:22.530 --> 20:24.989 Those are some of the statistics on 20:25.000 --> 20:28.969 gender based violence . We have about 20:28.979 --> 20:32.650 76% of reported cases 20:32.660 --> 20:35.209 which are sexual exploitation and abuse . 20:35.880 --> 20:39.650 And then we have 11% of 20:40.550 --> 20:43.810 uh adolescent girls that have reported 20:43.819 --> 20:47.209 cases of GB V within those communities . 20:47.630 --> 20:50.839 Child marriage is uh 20:50.989 --> 20:54.780 accounted for 17% of 20:54.790 --> 20:58.099 GB V cases and 20:58.109 --> 21:01.750 6% of those cases are 21:01.760 --> 21:05.099 reported to have been committed by non 21:05.119 --> 21:08.680 state armed groups . And 21:08.689 --> 21:11.930 22% of the gender-based violence 21:11.939 --> 21:15.930 cases were reported when women and 21:15.939 --> 21:19.050 girls were trying to flee for safety . 21:21.689 --> 21:25.310 Women have been used 21:25.319 --> 21:28.699 as uh for sexual um 21:28.709 --> 21:32.520 satis satis satisfaction within 21:32.810 --> 21:36.099 those camps of the 21:36.109 --> 21:38.439 terrorists . Some of the girls have 21:38.449 --> 21:40.540 been abducted from communities 21:42.280 --> 21:46.050 and some of the women i involved 21:46.280 --> 21:48.489 and are believed to be helping with 21:48.500 --> 21:51.939 teaching the young girls within those 21:51.949 --> 21:55.459 um terrorist communities in the 21:55.469 --> 21:58.280 forests . There have been some reports 21:58.290 --> 22:01.290 of elderly women who have been found 22:01.300 --> 22:05.170 within those camps . Some of the 22:05.180 --> 22:08.619 studies also show that some 22:08.630 --> 22:12.420 women have been recruited to be able 22:12.550 --> 22:15.439 to help with intelligence because most 22:15.449 --> 22:18.540 of them have information on what 22:18.550 --> 22:20.339 happens in those communities . 22:24.449 --> 22:27.800 So the women are abducted because they 22:27.810 --> 22:30.510 have to continue with the traditional 22:30.520 --> 22:32.689 roles that they perform within the 22:32.699 --> 22:35.760 communities . For example , the women 22:35.770 --> 22:38.949 have been used to carry the rooted the 22:38.959 --> 22:42.959 looted um commodities , whether weapons 22:43.290 --> 22:46.609 or medical uh um 22:46.619 --> 22:50.390 services and also 22:50.670 --> 22:52.726 the items that have been rooted from 22:52.726 --> 22:55.280 those communities . There is also 22:55.290 --> 22:57.540 emerging knowledge that violent 22:57.550 --> 23:00.469 extremists like to recruit women 23:00.479 --> 23:03.359 leaders who have positions within the 23:03.369 --> 23:04.359 communities . 23:07.380 --> 23:09.729 So the situation of returnees within 23:10.569 --> 23:13.790 Koga , you may wish to note that the 23:13.800 --> 23:17.069 majority of people have returned in 23:17.079 --> 23:19.250 those communities where they came from 23:19.390 --> 23:22.949 approximately about 632,000 23:23.130 --> 23:26.390 people have returned . Unfortunately , 23:26.650 --> 23:28.761 even in the communities where they've 23:28.761 --> 23:32.189 gone , they do not have access to basic 23:32.199 --> 23:34.939 services such as such as health 23:34.949 --> 23:38.709 facilities , uh education facilities 23:39.400 --> 23:42.069 and also water and sanitation 23:42.079 --> 23:45.739 facilities . Some of them who are still 23:45.750 --> 23:48.709 in the ID P camps or in the host 23:48.719 --> 23:51.959 communities have decided to get back to 23:51.969 --> 23:55.250 the original places , not because the 23:55.260 --> 23:57.670 conditions are better there , but 23:57.680 --> 23:59.847 because there have been some conflicts 23:59.847 --> 24:01.902 again that have erupted within those 24:01.902 --> 24:03.949 communities where they have been um 24:03.959 --> 24:05.030 hosted . 24:08.869 --> 24:12.609 So um infrastructure also is not 24:12.619 --> 24:16.510 yet restored such as police stations 24:16.520 --> 24:19.579 which were destroyed during the 24:19.589 --> 24:23.030 conflict . The school infrastructure 24:23.040 --> 24:25.420 also has not yet been rehabilitated . 24:25.560 --> 24:27.939 Hence having most of the Children still 24:28.339 --> 24:30.660 in communities without going to school . 24:31.750 --> 24:34.780 There is limited support to returnees 24:35.660 --> 24:39.180 as both areas of retain and where they 24:39.189 --> 24:41.939 are coming from are still lacking 24:41.949 --> 24:44.959 infrastructure . The humanitarian 24:44.969 --> 24:48.000 assistance also is limited as we will 24:48.010 --> 24:51.910 see that WFP started 24:51.920 --> 24:55.170 distributing food and other 24:55.180 --> 24:58.099 necessities . Unfortunately , the 24:58.109 --> 25:00.380 numbers are more than what is being 25:00.390 --> 25:04.300 distributed . So 25:04.310 --> 25:07.729 Samim has done some um activities 25:07.739 --> 25:11.380 within Kabo Oga . For example , we 25:11.390 --> 25:13.869 implemented the early response 25:13.880 --> 25:17.729 mechanism program where women , youth 25:18.329 --> 25:21.650 and persons with disabilities benefited 25:21.819 --> 25:24.969 from capacity building programs . 25:25.579 --> 25:29.550 And also Sam I was able to 25:29.560 --> 25:33.310 mobilize about 200,000 from U NDP to 25:33.319 --> 25:35.541 help with the rehabilitation of Nanga , 25:35.599 --> 25:38.550 the airstrip so that we'll be able to 25:38.569 --> 25:41.619 distribute humanitarian assistance . 25:43.459 --> 25:45.849 We also conducted some dialogue 25:45.859 --> 25:49.760 sessions for them to be able 25:49.770 --> 25:52.239 to get back to their communities and 25:52.250 --> 25:55.839 also enable a smooth transition and 25:55.849 --> 25:57.849 live in harmony as they get back to 25:57.849 --> 26:01.439 their communities . We also 26:01.449 --> 26:05.239 capacitated 200 and 26:05.250 --> 26:08.380 80 women and youth with skills 26:08.390 --> 26:11.920 development . We also 26:11.930 --> 26:15.660 capacitated 96 internally displaced 26:16.010 --> 26:19.800 persons with uh with um 26:19.810 --> 26:23.030 information on gender based violence 26:23.040 --> 26:26.560 prevention and response and also 26:26.579 --> 26:29.780 prevention of sexual exploitation and 26:29.790 --> 26:30.630 abuse . 26:34.479 --> 26:36.819 The we also mobilized about 26:36.829 --> 26:40.209 $160,000 26:40.849 --> 26:44.130 to uh to conduct some 26:44.140 --> 26:47.300 capacity building programs on 26:47.310 --> 26:49.579 gender-based violence for community 26:49.589 --> 26:53.300 members and also service providers in 26:53.310 --> 26:56.060 order to be able to prevent and also 26:56.069 --> 26:59.050 respond to gender-based violence . We 26:59.060 --> 27:02.780 prepared about 175 civic leaders 27:03.319 --> 27:06.319 to be able to conduct dialogues within 27:06.329 --> 27:09.510 those communities because it seems most 27:09.520 --> 27:11.631 of the people do not trust each other 27:11.631 --> 27:13.469 in those communities . So these 27:13.479 --> 27:15.810 dialogues will help them to be able to 27:15.819 --> 27:17.819 talk to each other and come up with 27:17.819 --> 27:21.699 solutions the 27:21.709 --> 27:24.400 challenges . The first challenge is 27:24.410 --> 27:26.410 that gender inequalities are deeply 27:26.410 --> 27:28.849 rooted in culture . 27:30.069 --> 27:33.209 The other challenge is that conflict is 27:33.219 --> 27:37.020 still ongoing , it hasn't stopped . 27:37.589 --> 27:39.619 So the conflict is still ongoing . 27:39.630 --> 27:41.680 Therefore , implementing certain 27:41.689 --> 27:45.640 activities or programs is hindered . 27:46.630 --> 27:49.369 There is also a lack of funds to be 27:49.380 --> 27:51.269 able to continue with some of the 27:51.269 --> 27:55.239 activities that we started . The 27:55.250 --> 27:57.439 other challenge is that there is high 27:57.449 --> 27:59.160 illiteracy levels within the 27:59.170 --> 28:01.680 communities . You may wish to note that 28:01.689 --> 28:04.810 only 30% of people within Cabo Delgado 28:05.660 --> 28:08.359 can speak Portuguese . And yes , 28:08.369 --> 28:11.319 Portuguese is the official language 28:11.329 --> 28:14.119 within Mozambique . So when you have 28:14.130 --> 28:16.760 activities , it becomes a challenge to 28:16.770 --> 28:19.099 ensure that you sensitize them using 28:19.109 --> 28:20.930 the correct language which they 28:20.939 --> 28:24.339 understand as most of them speak MauA 28:24.430 --> 28:27.060 or Makonde or Kan . 28:28.520 --> 28:31.150 The other challenge is that there are 28:31.160 --> 28:33.619 high levels of poverty within those 28:33.630 --> 28:36.030 communities and therefore , some 28:36.040 --> 28:37.984 parents feel they should marry off 28:37.984 --> 28:40.040 their Children , for example , to be 28:40.040 --> 28:42.849 able to get rid of some mouths to feed 28:42.859 --> 28:46.109 within their , their homes . There are 28:46.119 --> 28:48.619 also people who have been marginalized 28:49.060 --> 28:52.060 and so they feel aggrieved 28:53.199 --> 28:55.310 and they , they will , they will then 28:55.310 --> 28:57.199 they will be able to join the the 28:57.199 --> 29:00.530 terrorists . Most of the 29:00.540 --> 29:04.160 survivors lack knowledge or 29:04.170 --> 29:07.310 information on services that are 29:07.319 --> 29:10.280 provided within those communities . 29:12.849 --> 29:14.905 The other challenge is that there is 29:14.905 --> 29:17.250 lack of integrated treatment centers 29:17.260 --> 29:20.329 such as one stop centers for them to 29:20.339 --> 29:23.189 seek uh GB V services . 29:24.199 --> 29:26.900 There is also weak enforcement of laws 29:26.910 --> 29:30.119 resulting in delayed disposal of cases 29:30.479 --> 29:33.199 leading to people losing faith in 29:33.209 --> 29:36.979 pursuing such cases . For example , in 29:36.989 --> 29:39.156 most of those communities , when there 29:39.156 --> 29:42.459 is a GB V case , they have to take that 29:42.469 --> 29:45.060 case to Pemba which is the headquarters . 29:45.800 --> 29:48.449 So for people to pursue those cases , 29:48.459 --> 29:51.119 they feel lazy and some of them do not 29:51.130 --> 29:53.352 have resources to be able to get to the 29:53.352 --> 29:56.550 headquarters . Some of the people who 29:56.560 --> 29:59.469 have lost everything are returning to 29:59.479 --> 30:03.079 areas where services and humanitarian 30:03.089 --> 30:05.660 assistance are largely not available . 30:07.020 --> 30:09.969 There is a concern about risks people 30:09.979 --> 30:12.910 may face should they continue to return 30:12.920 --> 30:15.439 where they they they came from ? 30:17.060 --> 30:19.760 There is also limited services to meet 30:19.770 --> 30:23.430 basic needs such as health , food 30:23.589 --> 30:27.469 education , uh sexual and 30:27.479 --> 30:30.569 reproductive health allow me to talk 30:30.579 --> 30:33.459 about uh food , for example , limited 30:33.589 --> 30:37.050 access to food . My grandfather used to 30:37.060 --> 30:39.171 tell us that there are three types of 30:39.171 --> 30:41.060 people that are very difficult to 30:41.060 --> 30:44.849 advise . The first are those in love . 30:45.489 --> 30:47.619 A person in love is very difficult to 30:47.630 --> 30:51.140 advise . The second person is that 30:51.150 --> 30:55.000 one in who is jealous . And the last 30:55.010 --> 30:57.177 person who is difficult to advise is a 30:57.177 --> 30:59.790 hungry person . So when there is no 30:59.800 --> 31:03.199 food , people can do anything to just 31:03.209 --> 31:06.939 get something to eat . So 31:06.949 --> 31:08.671 some of the recommendations or 31:08.671 --> 31:12.310 necessary actions . The first one is 31:12.319 --> 31:16.130 that stakeholders need to 31:16.380 --> 31:19.680 help the government of Mozambique to be 31:19.689 --> 31:23.219 able to implement the re the 31:23.229 --> 31:26.790 reconstruction plan through the Arden 31:27.290 --> 31:31.020 Agency . The other one is that there is 31:31.030 --> 31:34.560 need to conduct a gender analysis when 31:34.569 --> 31:37.880 coming up with programs to implement in 31:37.890 --> 31:39.280 those communities . 31:43.920 --> 31:46.550 There is also significant demand for 31:46.560 --> 31:50.109 mental health and psychosocial support . 31:51.349 --> 31:54.969 Most of the people have witnessed their 31:54.979 --> 31:56.930 relatives , their male relatives 31:56.939 --> 31:59.250 beheaded , for example , or they've 31:59.260 --> 32:02.410 been killed . So they have been 32:02.420 --> 32:05.449 traumatized for a long time and yet 32:05.459 --> 32:08.209 there are no services . So we need 32:08.219 --> 32:11.689 mental health uh uh and psychosocial 32:11.699 --> 32:13.689 support services within those 32:13.699 --> 32:16.869 communities . There is also need to 32:16.880 --> 32:19.430 rehabilitate the school infrastructure 32:19.619 --> 32:22.030 so that the Children should return to 32:22.040 --> 32:24.689 school . They've been in communities 32:24.699 --> 32:28.140 for over three years . So that is a 32:28.150 --> 32:30.500 time bomb if we do not take care of 32:30.510 --> 32:33.709 that . So in 32:33.719 --> 32:37.209 conclusion , I'm saying terrorism and 32:37.219 --> 32:40.949 violent extremism continue to be global 32:40.959 --> 32:44.079 issues demanding international co 32:44.089 --> 32:47.250 ordination policy and legal 32:47.260 --> 32:49.890 approaches to win the fight . 32:50.939 --> 32:53.489 Thank you . Very much Muito O Briga , 32:54.750 --> 32:55.430 Messy Boko 33:15.800 --> 33:18.430 Distinguished delegates . Good morning 33:18.439 --> 33:22.229 one more time . Uh Let me 33:22.239 --> 33:25.810 also thank e the co 33:25.819 --> 33:28.540 hosts of this important conference for 33:28.550 --> 33:32.170 inviting me . And in today's 33:32.180 --> 33:35.619 presentation , I'll probably leave you 33:35.630 --> 33:38.650 with more questions than answers uh 33:38.680 --> 33:41.949 Since we are dealing with an ongoing 33:41.959 --> 33:45.359 challenge . Uh But where 33:45.369 --> 33:49.369 possible , I will try to uh suggest a 33:49.380 --> 33:52.439 few uh possible solutions . 33:53.680 --> 33:56.619 Uh My topic is human trafficking and 33:56.630 --> 34:00.219 migration impacts on security . And 34:00.229 --> 34:03.329 I've tried to give an 34:03.339 --> 34:05.569 historical as well as a , a 34:05.579 --> 34:08.739 contemporary look at this uh 34:09.239 --> 34:12.820 very normal , very natural human 34:13.090 --> 34:15.469 population movement um 34:16.600 --> 34:20.260 process . Uh Next slide , 34:20.270 --> 34:20.770 please . 34:27.360 --> 34:30.689 So uh the outline of my presentation is 34:30.699 --> 34:32.550 that I will introduce 34:34.158 --> 34:37.118 historically , the beginning of the e 34:37.879 --> 34:39.979 involvement of human populations in 34:39.989 --> 34:43.739 migration , emphasizing that freedom of 34:43.750 --> 34:47.169 movement is a liberating thing and 34:47.179 --> 34:50.860 that where the freedom of movement 34:50.870 --> 34:54.110 is controlled or regulated or even 34:54.120 --> 34:57.479 hindered that that's where security 34:57.489 --> 35:00.300 problems are likely to arise . 35:01.419 --> 35:03.679 I will look at one example of this , 35:03.689 --> 35:06.000 which is our own experience in Southern 35:06.010 --> 35:08.919 Africa of colonial prohibitions on free 35:08.929 --> 35:12.669 movement . And uh how the restricted 35:12.679 --> 35:16.479 access to land to water housing and 35:16.489 --> 35:19.909 other resources is was 35:20.149 --> 35:23.750 very closely linked to this restriction 35:23.840 --> 35:27.590 on human population movements . And 35:27.600 --> 35:29.520 indeed , we might say it was the 35:29.530 --> 35:32.530 response to these restrictions which e 35:32.540 --> 35:35.389 engendered what we call the 35:35.419 --> 35:39.040 independence movement . If it wasn't 35:39.050 --> 35:41.590 for these restrictions , it's possible 35:41.600 --> 35:43.767 that people might have continued to be 35:43.767 --> 35:46.189 happy to be part of the British Empire . 35:46.969 --> 35:49.010 But because of the inherent 35:49.020 --> 35:52.060 inequalities in these restrictions , it 35:52.070 --> 35:55.310 became clear that if they were to 35:55.320 --> 35:57.989 improve their well being and everybody 35:58.000 --> 36:00.000 wants to improve their well being , 36:00.000 --> 36:02.790 then British rule had to come to an end . 36:03.709 --> 36:06.042 And of course , there are security , eh , 36:06.042 --> 36:08.719 issues connected with that , eh , 36:11.510 --> 36:13.780 uh dialectical relationship between 36:13.790 --> 36:17.340 domination and resistance . I will then 36:17.350 --> 36:20.820 look at uh today's challenge of 36:20.830 --> 36:24.679 collective security in the African 36:24.689 --> 36:27.479 Union's regional economic communities , 36:27.830 --> 36:29.979 in particular , in our case , the 36:29.989 --> 36:32.219 Southern African development community 36:32.520 --> 36:35.310 and com ES A and uh 36:35.699 --> 36:39.419 these regional economic 36:39.429 --> 36:42.379 communities are very aware of the 36:42.389 --> 36:45.320 strength that lies in their unity . 36:45.739 --> 36:47.520 They are also very aware of the 36:47.530 --> 36:50.739 weakness that is obtained from the 36:50.750 --> 36:53.429 balkanization of the continent . 36:53.810 --> 36:57.239 Unfortunately , mo uh most of these 36:57.250 --> 37:01.159 processes are behind schedule . We 37:01.169 --> 37:04.919 have yet to have a common currency . We 37:04.929 --> 37:07.520 have yet to have a , a common market 37:07.530 --> 37:10.189 even and even the freedom of movement 37:10.199 --> 37:12.919 within the boundaries of , of Africa 37:13.060 --> 37:15.550 are restricted . So if you would 37:15.560 --> 37:18.129 imagine taking a road trip 37:19.040 --> 37:22.370 from um east coast to west coast in in 37:22.379 --> 37:25.320 the US and having to apply for visas 37:25.330 --> 37:27.899 for every state boundary that you cross , 37:28.159 --> 37:30.620 would that even be an attractive uh 37:30.629 --> 37:34.379 holiday ? So for us , in 37:34.389 --> 37:37.260 Africa , we sometimes need to apply for 37:37.270 --> 37:40.389 visas to visit a neighboring country , 37:40.719 --> 37:43.399 a neighboring country in which some of 37:43.409 --> 37:45.520 the people across the border are your 37:45.520 --> 37:48.570 own close relatives . And even this has 37:48.580 --> 37:52.070 security , eh , connotations 37:52.310 --> 37:56.030 because when , uh , what we might call 37:56.040 --> 37:58.459 bandits in , as they call them in , in 37:58.469 --> 38:01.560 Nigeria , cross the border and are 38:01.570 --> 38:04.699 given refuge , they are given refugees , 38:04.709 --> 38:07.860 refugee status , not by the government 38:07.989 --> 38:10.389 but by the villagers who are their 38:10.399 --> 38:12.969 cousins or uncles . We , we saw this in 38:12.979 --> 38:16.530 the Zambian case with Renamo in , 38:16.739 --> 38:19.629 in , uh Mozambique , whether they 38:19.639 --> 38:23.290 crossed into Malawi or Zambia , they 38:23.300 --> 38:25.770 were within their own old kingdom 38:25.780 --> 38:28.050 boundaries and amongst their own 38:28.060 --> 38:30.171 relatives . So it's very difficult to 38:30.171 --> 38:33.540 control the behavior of people who are 38:33.620 --> 38:36.889 merely doing their familial duty of 38:36.899 --> 38:39.510 looking after their relatives . So 38:39.520 --> 38:41.449 winning hearts and minds in that 38:41.459 --> 38:44.590 situation is a major challenge which e 38:44.820 --> 38:47.909 needs to go beyond a simple 38:47.919 --> 38:51.580 sensitization . Uh Next slide , 38:51.590 --> 38:55.239 please . So as I was saying , 38:55.399 --> 38:59.110 freedom of movement is natural . It has 38:59.120 --> 39:02.679 always been linked with the search for 39:02.689 --> 39:04.810 greener pastures , the search for a 39:04.820 --> 39:08.030 better life . And uh the picture I 39:08.050 --> 39:11.399 I've put up you are very familiar with 39:11.620 --> 39:14.919 is from the annual migration of the 39:14.929 --> 39:18.500 wildebeest in East Africa . Uh 39:18.510 --> 39:21.899 There is one also across the Angola 39:21.909 --> 39:24.610 Zambia border , very similar kind of 39:24.620 --> 39:27.989 composition of animals . It's a 39:28.000 --> 39:30.989 smaller and less well known , but the 39:31.000 --> 39:34.189 push and pull factors of this migration 39:34.199 --> 39:37.379 process are the same . The animals are 39:37.389 --> 39:39.909 looking for rain , they are looking for 39:39.919 --> 39:43.810 green grass and the hunting animals 39:43.820 --> 39:46.820 follow where their prey goes . 39:47.489 --> 39:51.399 So e if 39:51.620 --> 39:54.760 the search for greener pastures is 39:54.770 --> 39:58.139 normal , if it makes sense if it's 39:58.149 --> 40:02.060 biologically , eh eh , required from 40:02.070 --> 40:04.600 time to time , why should it be 40:04.610 --> 40:07.320 restricted ? Uh Next slide please . 40:14.020 --> 40:17.570 Um The restrictions from the colonial 40:17.580 --> 40:19.879 period were linked to 40:22.010 --> 40:24.080 mobilizing the labor force from the 40:24.090 --> 40:27.030 villages to work in the mines but not 40:27.040 --> 40:29.479 permitting them to become permanently 40:29.489 --> 40:33.030 urbanized . And in that whole 40:33.040 --> 40:36.739 arrangement , the colonial authorities , 40:36.750 --> 40:39.090 the missionaries and the village elders 40:39.100 --> 40:42.439 connived to keep the young women in 40:42.449 --> 40:45.070 particular out of the labor migration 40:45.080 --> 40:47.330 process . It was only for the young men 40:47.739 --> 40:50.669 and they would work until their 40:50.679 --> 40:53.050 contracts came to an end . After which 40:53.060 --> 40:55.510 they would go back to the village , 40:55.520 --> 40:57.719 whether they wanted to or not . 40:58.750 --> 41:02.379 This kind of attitude to migration that 41:02.389 --> 41:04.560 it's ok for young men , but it's not 41:04.570 --> 41:07.500 for young women is still present in 41:07.510 --> 41:10.000 some of our cultural attitudes which 41:10.010 --> 41:12.370 have been mentioned and also in 41:12.379 --> 41:16.370 policies . But where you have ee a 41:16.379 --> 41:20.209 conflict as was mentioned 41:20.219 --> 41:23.449 earlier in relation to Mozambique , uh 41:23.510 --> 41:27.070 you have what we call forced migration . 41:27.080 --> 41:29.302 In other words , when , when people are 41:29.302 --> 41:32.419 made to move , not because they are 41:32.429 --> 41:34.207 necessarily looking for greener 41:34.207 --> 41:36.739 pastures , but because they are looking 41:36.820 --> 41:39.610 for safety and security to save their 41:39.620 --> 41:43.120 own lives . However , it's important to 41:43.129 --> 41:46.800 note that around 3.6% of the world's 41:46.810 --> 41:50.750 population , only 3.6% of the 41:50.760 --> 41:53.530 world's population lives outside their 41:53.540 --> 41:57.510 country of birth . So although human 41:57.520 --> 42:00.209 migration is associated with all sorts 42:00.219 --> 42:02.790 of security and other problems , the 42:02.800 --> 42:06.179 majority of people have not left their 42:06.189 --> 42:09.120 home country and those who have left 42:09.129 --> 42:11.659 their home country have tended to move 42:11.669 --> 42:14.330 next door , as I said , amongst their 42:14.340 --> 42:16.062 relatives . So whether it's in 42:16.062 --> 42:18.439 Afghanistan , they go to Pakistan or 42:18.449 --> 42:21.919 Iran or in the case of Zambia 42:22.139 --> 42:25.389 Mozambicans and Angolans cross within 42:25.399 --> 42:27.699 walking distance of the border and they 42:27.709 --> 42:29.709 are , they remain amongst their own 42:29.709 --> 42:31.598 people . Sometimes they have been 42:31.598 --> 42:34.320 repatriated at the end of the conflict 42:34.459 --> 42:36.070 and other times they've been 42:36.070 --> 42:38.719 assimilated . So you might want to 42:38.729 --> 42:42.110 think about that , which is the more 42:42.120 --> 42:44.229 permanent solution , assimilation or 42:44.239 --> 42:47.479 repatriation or should it be left for 42:47.489 --> 42:50.239 the refugees to choose ? 42:51.350 --> 42:55.280 And uh in the process , 42:55.290 --> 42:57.280 in the case of human trafficking , 42:57.290 --> 42:59.419 which is closely connected with the 42:59.429 --> 43:02.750 forced migration , I will use the US 43:02.760 --> 43:05.030 Department of Justice definition which 43:05.040 --> 43:07.699 says human trafficking is a crime that 43:07.709 --> 43:11.320 involves compelling or coercing people 43:11.449 --> 43:15.060 to provide labor services or to engage 43:15.070 --> 43:18.850 in commercial acts . And the Southern 43:18.860 --> 43:21.600 African development community also uses 43:21.610 --> 43:24.520 a similar definition emphasizing that 43:24.530 --> 43:27.320 young women as are the most vulnerable 43:27.330 --> 43:30.429 to traffickers . However , 43:30.790 --> 43:33.590 from my own experience , I've seen that 43:33.600 --> 43:37.469 sometimes people approach the 43:37.479 --> 43:40.810 traffickers in order to uh 43:40.820 --> 43:43.530 gain access to the greener pastures , 43:43.540 --> 43:46.949 which I mentioned earlier . So we tend 43:46.959 --> 43:50.239 to see them as victims but they see the 43:50.250 --> 43:53.100 traffickers as merely providing a 43:53.110 --> 43:56.070 migration service . Now , the question 43:56.080 --> 43:59.030 is why is this migration service not 43:59.040 --> 44:02.030 provided by the authorities 44:02.719 --> 44:06.169 because the gap or the the demand for 44:06.179 --> 44:09.780 this service has emerged from this ee 44:09.899 --> 44:13.080 perception that certain governments are 44:13.090 --> 44:16.209 not on our side that or or that the 44:16.219 --> 44:19.729 legal authorities put barriers 44:20.149 --> 44:22.850 before the migrant rather than 44:22.860 --> 44:25.010 facilitating their movement , whether 44:25.020 --> 44:28.669 they are migrant workers or even in 44:28.679 --> 44:32.389 some cases , refugees . And it's not 44:32.399 --> 44:35.840 surprising that some of the most 44:36.550 --> 44:39.459 uh strong barriers against migration 44:39.530 --> 44:42.469 are to be found in Europe . Hence the 44:42.479 --> 44:45.360 term fortress Europe now fortress 44:45.370 --> 44:49.050 Europe has been working hand in 44:49.060 --> 44:51.439 hand with some African governments to 44:51.510 --> 44:54.600 try and police this movement . And of 44:54.610 --> 44:56.832 course , the emphasis is on the illegal 44:56.832 --> 44:59.750 activities because obviously human 44:59.760 --> 45:02.070 traffickers can also be drug 45:02.080 --> 45:04.320 traffickers and small arms traffickers 45:04.330 --> 45:06.860 and so on . That's the experience we 45:06.870 --> 45:10.219 have seen in the past . Uh but 45:10.580 --> 45:13.100 we shouldn't just focus on those 45:13.110 --> 45:16.250 negative aspects because there are some 45:16.260 --> 45:20.179 genuine migrants who don't receive the 45:20.189 --> 45:22.989 support that they should . In fact , if 45:23.000 --> 45:25.229 you look at the refugee statutes , 45:25.239 --> 45:28.320 whether from the UN or the 45:28.330 --> 45:30.989 organization of African Unity now 45:31.000 --> 45:33.389 called the uh the African Union , 45:33.540 --> 45:37.010 you'll find a a more user 45:37.020 --> 45:40.750 friendly approach dating to the end of 45:40.760 --> 45:43.310 the Second World War and also in the 45:43.320 --> 45:46.209 African case to the period of the 45:46.219 --> 45:49.949 independent struggle . So making 45:50.219 --> 45:52.520 the attainment of refugee status 45:52.530 --> 45:55.530 difficult only creates opportunities 45:55.540 --> 45:58.860 for the traffickers . Uh Next uh 45:59.090 --> 46:02.750 slide please . So 46:02.760 --> 46:06.600 human traffickers and smugglers are 46:06.790 --> 46:09.360 linked to slave trading , to arms , 46:09.379 --> 46:12.489 small arms trading 46:13.159 --> 46:16.350 and even to terrorism . 46:17.290 --> 46:21.030 And I was thinking uh in the case of 46:21.040 --> 46:23.096 stowaways , I'm sure you've heard of 46:23.100 --> 46:25.600 Stowaways who go on a ship , not 46:25.610 --> 46:27.499 knowing where it's heading , just 46:27.499 --> 46:30.459 hoping to get to greener pastures . And 46:30.469 --> 46:32.691 in the southern African case , the most 46:32.691 --> 46:35.219 common example we have is , uh , of 46:35.229 --> 46:38.949 Stowaways on Intercontinental airliners . 46:39.409 --> 46:42.699 So think about it if a Stowaway 46:43.280 --> 46:46.080 can get to a jumbo jet , so can 46:46.090 --> 46:48.889 somebody carrying a bomb and the 46:48.899 --> 46:52.169 airport perimeter shouldn't be , eh , 46:52.179 --> 46:55.570 so easy to , to access . But southern 46:55.580 --> 46:58.669 Africans have been recorded in London , 46:58.760 --> 47:01.870 falling off a plane as it releases its , 47:01.929 --> 47:05.340 eh , E ws in on the line of 47:05.350 --> 47:08.879 approach and the bodies that are by 47:08.889 --> 47:12.459 then , um , pro probably dead , eh , 47:13.610 --> 47:15.939 fall onto the ground . There has been 47:15.949 --> 47:18.129 at least one survivor . So it's 47:18.139 --> 47:21.389 possible to get to the promised land as 47:21.399 --> 47:25.260 it were . But , uh , what we 47:25.270 --> 47:27.860 need to look at here is that security , 47:28.739 --> 47:32.209 human security is not just about 47:32.219 --> 47:35.100 defending borders . Of course , that is 47:35.110 --> 47:38.040 important . And I would say defending 47:38.050 --> 47:41.300 borders is probably more effectively 47:41.310 --> 47:44.139 done by most of our governments than 47:44.239 --> 47:46.510 defending the citizens are already 47:46.520 --> 47:49.419 inside from criminal , from health , 47:49.429 --> 47:52.790 from all these other challenges that 47:52.800 --> 47:56.270 are less spectacular than when your , 47:56.290 --> 47:59.790 uh national sovereignty is violated . 48:00.399 --> 48:04.020 Uh , last uh slide , please . 48:05.909 --> 48:09.489 So , uh , before I I end , uh , and 48:09.500 --> 48:11.611 thank you for your attention , let me 48:11.611 --> 48:13.667 just leave you with some questions . 48:14.090 --> 48:17.830 What are the root causes and what are 48:17.840 --> 48:20.300 the potential solutions ? Do we want to 48:20.310 --> 48:24.070 patch up or do we want to put an end 48:24.080 --> 48:27.780 to human insecurity uh 48:28.489 --> 48:32.300 who is the real protector of uh the 48:32.310 --> 48:34.477 citizen ? Is it the state or is it the 48:34.477 --> 48:37.050 state in collaboration with civil 48:37.060 --> 48:40.520 society and uh the the rest of society ? 48:41.360 --> 48:43.449 And finally , the one that I really 48:43.459 --> 48:46.260 want to underline is why should any 48:46.270 --> 48:49.659 citizen approach traffickers for 48:49.679 --> 48:53.449 this ability to move to 48:53.459 --> 48:55.610 greener pastures instead of the 48:55.620 --> 48:58.310 government ? I think if we can solve 48:58.320 --> 49:01.050 that , that problem , we will have uh 49:01.060 --> 49:04.689 gone a long way to reducing the 49:04.699 --> 49:06.866 insecurity that is associated with the 49:06.866 --> 49:08.250 process . Thank you . 49:19.709 --> 49:21.598 Thank you very much for your kind 49:21.598 --> 49:25.439 attention . A gig from our presenters , 49:26.500 --> 49:29.709 Miss Hans focused 49:29.719 --> 49:33.449 on why and how we should 49:33.560 --> 49:36.590 as a defense and security organization 49:36.760 --> 49:40.550 care about gender . Her emphasis was 49:40.560 --> 49:44.110 on the gender aspects that 49:44.120 --> 49:47.840 come about because of human trafficking . 49:48.320 --> 49:51.270 Mr Matama came in and gave us a 49:51.280 --> 49:54.879 practical example of how violent 49:54.889 --> 49:57.280 extremism has caused and thought 49:57.290 --> 50:00.570 suffering in Mozambique . And to some 50:00.580 --> 50:02.639 extent , it has also caused human 50:02.649 --> 50:06.169 trafficking and forced migration . 50:06.570 --> 50:09.969 Professor Stone comes with a different 50:09.979 --> 50:12.139 dimension where he looks at 50:13.419 --> 50:17.159 migration as a natural human 50:17.169 --> 50:21.040 phenomenon that must be looked at from 50:21.050 --> 50:24.600 a different angle so that we support 50:24.610 --> 50:26.443 our brothers and sisters who are 50:26.443 --> 50:29.699 looking for greener pastures before we 50:29.709 --> 50:33.110 term them as criminals . So before I 50:33.120 --> 50:36.669 open up the discussion , I think I will 50:36.679 --> 50:40.399 just pose one or two questions to our 50:40.610 --> 50:43.209 presenters . The first one , I think I 50:43.219 --> 50:45.219 want to give an opportunity to Miss 50:45.219 --> 50:49.050 Hans to just amplify on her argument 50:49.260 --> 50:52.889 that human trafficking is higher 50:53.020 --> 50:56.500 during period of displacement . 50:56.870 --> 51:00.100 Madam Hams , you may wish to share with . 51:07.389 --> 51:10.830 Hello . Yes , I can sing now . 51:11.189 --> 51:13.739 Um Thank you very much for the 51:13.750 --> 51:17.639 opportunity to clarify . So when people 51:17.649 --> 51:19.649 are displaced , they no longer have 51:19.649 --> 51:22.889 access to the resources or security 51:23.449 --> 51:25.505 that they have when they're in their 51:25.505 --> 51:29.000 home or in their own um community . So 51:29.010 --> 51:30.843 they're more vulnerable to being 51:30.843 --> 51:33.949 recruited , coerced , deceived , 51:33.959 --> 51:37.120 abducted , sold , paid , 51:37.129 --> 51:40.879 paid or promised a job for money by 51:40.889 --> 51:43.199 traffickers . And then the traffickers 51:43.209 --> 51:46.040 will then ex exploit them . Once a 51:46.050 --> 51:48.709 person is in the hands of traffickers 51:48.719 --> 51:51.689 either voluntarily or involuntarily , 51:51.919 --> 51:54.141 they're at the mercy of the traffickers 51:54.189 --> 51:56.979 doubly . So because the traffickers 51:57.189 --> 51:59.949 often take their passport or have their 51:59.959 --> 52:02.385 identity page , but also because 52:02.395 --> 52:05.385 traffickers are usually moving these 52:05.395 --> 52:08.985 people across borders illegally . So 52:09.225 --> 52:11.392 whether it's voluntarily or not , they 52:11.392 --> 52:14.064 have broken laws by entering a third 52:14.074 --> 52:17.864 country or another country . So again , 52:17.875 --> 52:19.819 during displacement periods , when 52:19.819 --> 52:21.986 people , whether it's again for crisis 52:21.986 --> 52:23.764 conflict or looking for greener 52:23.764 --> 52:27.135 pastures , um they are vulnerable to 52:27.145 --> 52:30.294 being exploited by traffickers 52:33.969 --> 52:37.189 at uh and Miss Nama Tama , your 52:37.199 --> 52:40.879 emphasis was painting a picture of what 52:40.889 --> 52:43.360 is happening in Mozambique . And you 52:43.370 --> 52:47.330 have a covered that aspect where you 52:47.340 --> 52:49.620 have indicated that women and Children 52:49.709 --> 52:53.189 are the most affected by violent 52:53.199 --> 52:55.620 extremism . But I want to give you an 52:55.629 --> 52:58.070 opportunity to talk to the land forces 52:58.080 --> 53:00.739 commanders . What role do you see them 53:00.750 --> 53:04.550 play or to prevent 53:04.560 --> 53:07.629 and provide mitigation on the impact of 53:07.639 --> 53:09.417 violent extremism . As you have 53:09.417 --> 53:11.583 indicated that it is one of the causes 53:11.583 --> 53:13.879 of human trafficking . I think you can 53:13.889 --> 53:16.000 give an appeal . They are here , they 53:16.000 --> 53:18.649 are listening to you . Thank you very 53:18.659 --> 53:20.826 much for giving me this opportunity to 53:20.826 --> 53:24.139 answer your question . So um the 53:24.149 --> 53:27.600 first um action that the land 53:27.610 --> 53:30.080 force commanders should do is to 53:30.090 --> 53:32.350 participate in strategic planning 53:32.360 --> 53:36.070 sessions to address the root causes 53:36.540 --> 53:40.479 of violent extremism . This involves 53:40.489 --> 53:43.429 collaborating with other military 53:43.439 --> 53:46.879 branches , government NGO S 53:47.550 --> 53:49.800 and international partners to develop 53:49.810 --> 53:52.959 comprehensive strategies that address 53:52.969 --> 53:56.330 the socio-economic , political and 53:56.340 --> 53:59.649 ideological drivers of violent 53:59.659 --> 54:03.610 extremism . The second aspect is to 54:03.620 --> 54:07.590 prioritize training programs 54:07.600 --> 54:10.479 for troops to enhance their 54:10.489 --> 54:14.429 understanding of , of um the 54:14.439 --> 54:17.550 understanding the dynamics of violent 54:17.560 --> 54:20.830 extremism , human trafficking and 54:20.840 --> 54:24.510 migration . This includes education 54:24.899 --> 54:28.370 on identifying vulnerable populations , 54:28.810 --> 54:31.229 understanding radicalization 54:32.090 --> 54:35.479 processes and employing appropriate 54:35.489 --> 54:39.260 intervention techniques . The the third 54:39.270 --> 54:41.949 aspect I looked at was community 54:41.959 --> 54:45.610 engagement . Land force commanders 54:45.669 --> 54:48.590 can foster relationships with local 54:48.600 --> 54:52.260 communities to gain trust and 54:52.270 --> 54:55.419 gather intelligence on extremist 54:55.540 --> 54:59.219 activities by engaging communities . 55:00.620 --> 55:03.729 They can identify at risk . 55:03.739 --> 55:06.489 Individuals provide support and 55:06.500 --> 55:09.840 resources and counter extremist 55:09.850 --> 55:12.770 narratives through dialogue and 55:12.780 --> 55:16.290 education programs . The fourth aspect 55:16.300 --> 55:19.969 was bo border security and surveillance . 55:20.750 --> 55:23.209 Land force commanders are often 55:23.219 --> 55:26.129 responsible for border security and 55:26.139 --> 55:28.770 surveillance operations . They can 55:28.780 --> 55:32.510 deploy resources to monitor and control 55:32.520 --> 55:35.969 borders to to prevent trafficking of 55:35.979 --> 55:38.879 women and Children as well as the 55:38.889 --> 55:42.290 movement of extremists across borders . 55:42.939 --> 55:45.250 The fifth aspect is humanitarian 55:45.260 --> 55:48.840 assistance and the sixth one 55:48.850 --> 55:52.620 is rule of law and justice . And the 55:52.629 --> 55:55.340 last but not least is information 55:55.350 --> 55:58.219 operations to mention a few . Thank you . 55:58.610 --> 56:01.550 Thank you very much , Professor Owen 56:02.100 --> 56:04.310 Stoning . Uh You have given us a 56:04.320 --> 56:06.959 historical perspective or dimension of 56:06.969 --> 56:10.020 migration and I should mention that the 56:10.050 --> 56:12.550 professor was my lecturer when I was 56:12.560 --> 56:16.189 doing studies at Cooper University and 56:16.199 --> 56:18.850 is renowned for asking very tough 56:18.860 --> 56:22.010 questions . Now today I'm on the other 56:22.020 --> 56:24.870 side , I think I have to also revenge 56:24.879 --> 56:27.419 and give him tough questions . OK . 56:27.429 --> 56:29.340 That is on the right note . So 56:29.350 --> 56:32.280 Professor , these land force commanders , 56:32.290 --> 56:35.659 I think their mandate is to defend and 56:35.669 --> 56:38.000 protect the territorial integrity of 56:38.280 --> 56:40.949 their respective countries . And then 56:40.959 --> 56:43.070 you are bringing in another dimension 56:43.070 --> 56:45.015 of looking at migration where they 56:45.015 --> 56:47.070 should focus on the human security . 56:47.870 --> 56:50.979 You may wish to maybe amplify on that 56:50.989 --> 56:52.989 dimension where you are encouraging 56:52.989 --> 56:56.570 them to look at the human aspect that 56:56.580 --> 57:00.219 these men and women , they are denying 57:00.229 --> 57:02.229 entering into their country . Their 57:02.229 --> 57:05.489 countries are looking for greener 57:05.500 --> 57:08.110 pastures for them . As far as they are 57:08.120 --> 57:10.064 concerned , they have to , to , to 57:10.064 --> 57:12.064 defend the territorial integrity of 57:12.064 --> 57:14.176 their countries , maybe may want to , 57:14.176 --> 57:15.564 to amplify on that one . 57:23.169 --> 57:25.659 Uh Thank thank you very much uh for 57:25.669 --> 57:29.110 that question . As I said , when it 57:29.120 --> 57:31.870 comes to defending the national 57:31.879 --> 57:34.610 sovereignty , most of our armies are 57:34.620 --> 57:37.340 very effective there . 57:38.709 --> 57:41.530 And the what is essentially an 57:41.540 --> 57:44.620 immigration problem lies with home 57:44.629 --> 57:48.350 affairs and not with defense . Uh 57:48.360 --> 57:52.100 However , the definition of security 57:52.110 --> 57:54.969 that I was working with a namely human 57:54.979 --> 57:58.860 security goes beyond state borders . 57:58.870 --> 58:02.479 It's about the total 58:02.610 --> 58:06.110 comprehensive well being of 58:06.120 --> 58:09.959 citizens . And yes , in the 58:09.969 --> 58:13.449 case of Zambia , uh 58:14.469 --> 58:17.350 the land forces have a tradition of 58:17.360 --> 58:19.810 participating in agriculture , uh 58:19.820 --> 58:22.699 participating in sports , participating 58:22.709 --> 58:26.129 in all the areas of human endeavor . So 58:26.139 --> 58:28.520 they are actively involved in 58:28.530 --> 58:32.090 non-military activities that enhance 58:32.100 --> 58:34.433 the security of the , of the population . 58:35.679 --> 58:39.379 However , ah the 58:39.389 --> 58:42.560 state as a whole . In other words , all 58:42.570 --> 58:46.020 the different eu units of the state 58:46.280 --> 58:49.229 do have a social contract with their 58:49.239 --> 58:51.500 citizens , with their , their voters . 58:52.340 --> 58:54.562 And that's why I would like us to think 58:55.449 --> 58:58.199 those countries that are secure , those 58:58.209 --> 59:00.550 countries that have not had civil wars 59:00.560 --> 59:03.500 and have not had the mass migration out 59:03.510 --> 59:06.120 of their borders . What are they doing ? 59:06.129 --> 59:09.080 Right . What have they done right up to 59:09.090 --> 59:12.209 now ? And those countries that are in 59:12.219 --> 59:15.179 perpetual conflict , what is the root 59:15.189 --> 59:17.989 cause ? What are they doing wrong ? 59:19.000 --> 59:21.320 And even those countries that have very 59:21.330 --> 59:24.409 firm and uh well defended borders , 59:24.709 --> 59:27.570 but situations of criminal anarchy 59:27.580 --> 59:30.629 inside the boundaries . What is the 59:30.639 --> 59:34.449 explanation ? There's a limit 59:34.459 --> 59:38.090 to um the extent to which you can use 59:38.330 --> 59:41.399 the armed forces to solve civilian 59:41.409 --> 59:45.040 problems . And so we do need to look at 59:45.399 --> 59:48.969 the whole package of state 59:49.120 --> 59:52.870 citizen relationships and also of 59:52.879 --> 59:56.570 army police , correctional services 59:56.580 --> 59:59.790 and social welfare arms of the 59:59.800 --> 01:00:02.629 government because if I'm looking for 01:00:02.639 --> 01:00:05.179 greener pastures , it means the grass 01:00:05.189 --> 01:00:08.449 on my side of the river is dry 01:00:08.649 --> 01:00:11.909 or has completely succumbed to 01:00:11.919 --> 01:00:14.919 desertification . And that is a 01:00:14.929 --> 01:00:18.250 preventable process . That's basically 01:00:18.260 --> 01:00:21.060 the , the angle that I was uh trying to 01:00:21.070 --> 01:00:23.014 highlight for further discussion . 01:00:23.260 --> 01:00:26.250 Thank you . Thank you very much for 01:00:26.260 --> 01:00:29.219 that response and I want to give