WEBVTT 00:03.940 --> 00:06.107 Okay , so we are going to go ahead and 00:06.107 --> 00:08.218 get started with our second presenter 00:08.218 --> 00:10.480 for the morning , we have Mr Nicholas . 00:10.480 --> 00:12.970 So Becky . His title of his 00:12.970 --> 00:14.637 presentation is the three way 00:14.637 --> 00:17.040 fragmentation of the grand strategy 00:17.050 --> 00:20.230 literature's concept silos and genres . 00:20.230 --> 00:22.119 And we're excited to hear of your 00:22.119 --> 00:25.920 presentation . Mr So Becky lisa . 00:25.920 --> 00:28.200 And I wanted to thank the last two 00:28.200 --> 00:31.250 presenters , I'm particularly 00:31.250 --> 00:33.472 interested in her presentation and what 00:33.472 --> 00:35.900 they taught . Um given that I'm 00:35.900 --> 00:38.550 currently at the National Archives 00:38.550 --> 00:41.120 College Park site , doing archival 00:41.120 --> 00:43.190 research for the first time with no 00:43.190 --> 00:45.390 training , so a lot of on the job 00:45.400 --> 00:48.470 training and just talking to the staff 00:48.470 --> 00:51.270 there . Um So as lisa said , my the 00:51.270 --> 00:53.381 title of my presentation is the three 00:53.381 --> 00:55.650 way fragmentation of the Grand strategy 00:55.650 --> 00:58.350 literatures concept silos and genres 01:00.440 --> 01:03.300 and the basis . So first I just wanted 01:03.300 --> 01:05.189 to talk about the contents of the 01:05.189 --> 01:07.300 presentation , I'm gonna introduce it 01:07.300 --> 01:09.522 and then talk about the three ways that 01:09.522 --> 01:11.744 the literatures are fragmented and then 01:11.744 --> 01:13.856 discuss implications for teaching and 01:13.856 --> 01:17.060 learning at P . M . E . Institutions in 01:17.060 --> 01:20.190 particular . And so in order to 01:20.190 --> 01:22.770 introduce my research , I was doing 01:22.770 --> 01:25.080 research on Grand Strategy for my 01:25.080 --> 01:28.440 dissertation when I came across three 01:28.450 --> 01:30.670 different issues that I had to grapple 01:30.670 --> 01:33.780 with during the research portion . And 01:33.780 --> 01:35.940 then during the writing portion . And 01:35.940 --> 01:38.700 the first was that it started to appear 01:38.700 --> 01:41.370 to be that both the concept of strategy 01:41.370 --> 01:43.537 and in particular the concept of Grand 01:43.537 --> 01:45.481 Strategy are essentially contested 01:45.481 --> 01:48.010 concepts essentially . Um as galle 01:48.010 --> 01:51.640 points out in his 1955 56 article , 01:51.830 --> 01:55.140 that certain concepts like 01:55.150 --> 01:58.830 art um or or 01:58.830 --> 02:00.750 Christianity or religion or 02:00.750 --> 02:04.070 spirituality can be so contested , that 02:04.070 --> 02:07.290 there's no agreement and probably no um 02:07.300 --> 02:09.189 that there won't ever be any real 02:09.189 --> 02:12.040 agreement on what is art or what counts 02:12.040 --> 02:14.700 as being art . And that seems to me to 02:14.700 --> 02:17.230 be true based on my conceptual analysis 02:17.250 --> 02:19.460 of the Grand strategy literature in 02:19.460 --> 02:21.830 particular or the concept and the 02:21.830 --> 02:24.630 concept of strategy . I also found that 02:24.630 --> 02:26.574 I was reading across disciplines , 02:26.574 --> 02:29.820 while some of my colleagues and fellow 02:29.820 --> 02:31.764 grad students in the department of 02:31.764 --> 02:33.764 political science were reading only 02:33.764 --> 02:36.260 within political science or only within 02:36.260 --> 02:38.470 their sub field . Um I found I was 02:38.470 --> 02:41.160 reading in history , Strategic Studies , 02:41.160 --> 02:43.382 political science , political admin and 02:43.382 --> 02:45.382 public policy , and was even coming 02:45.382 --> 02:47.438 across other articles and books from 02:47.438 --> 02:49.493 other disciplines such as business . 02:50.640 --> 02:52.862 And then the third thing that I noticed 02:52.862 --> 02:54.918 both on my own . But then I actually 02:54.918 --> 02:57.150 found later in my studies too . 02:57.640 --> 03:00.320 Articles , an article in a book that 03:00.320 --> 03:04.150 discussed the same um finding is that 03:04.150 --> 03:05.983 there are many normative texts , 03:05.983 --> 03:08.320 especially on Grand Strategy , a lack 03:08.320 --> 03:10.320 of empirical text in particular , a 03:10.320 --> 03:12.920 lack of present empirical text . There 03:12.930 --> 03:15.550 are some historical empirical text , 03:15.550 --> 03:17.661 but not many that focused on the near 03:17.661 --> 03:19.550 past and present day . And then I 03:19.550 --> 03:21.606 determined that there was actually a 03:21.606 --> 03:25.340 third genre of texts . And so the three 03:25.340 --> 03:27.360 ways in which the literatures are 03:27.360 --> 03:29.840 fragmented , I contend are that there 03:29.840 --> 03:31.896 are uncommunicative , disciplinarian 03:31.896 --> 03:34.950 silos in compensable conceptualization 03:35.340 --> 03:37.229 and that there are various genres 03:37.229 --> 03:40.380 beyond those that we usually see . And 03:40.380 --> 03:42.930 so just to give a sample of some of the 03:42.940 --> 03:44.860 disciplines that research Grand 03:44.860 --> 03:47.280 strategy and strategy as I said , you 03:47.280 --> 03:49.502 know , the main ones that I really read 03:49.502 --> 03:51.724 in were Strategic studies , history and 03:51.724 --> 03:53.724 political science . Um , but then I 03:53.724 --> 03:55.780 started finding that there were even 03:55.780 --> 03:58.002 more including up to hospitality , even 03:58.002 --> 04:00.113 teaching english as a second language 04:00.113 --> 04:02.580 often used the concepts of both Grand 04:02.580 --> 04:05.920 strategy and strategy in their 04:05.920 --> 04:07.531 arguments in their writing . 04:09.740 --> 04:13.200 And two potential reasons for why 04:13.210 --> 04:16.170 the the silos are or the disciplinary 04:16.170 --> 04:18.610 silos . Uncommunicative isn't just that 04:18.610 --> 04:20.832 they run communicated with each other , 04:20.832 --> 04:23.054 but they're also uncommunicative within 04:23.054 --> 04:26.550 themselves Salah in her 2018 article on 04:26.560 --> 04:28.616 doing a conceptual analysis of Grand 04:28.616 --> 04:32.360 Strategy points that to the fact 04:32.360 --> 04:34.080 that in political science and 04:34.090 --> 04:36.312 international relations in particular , 04:36.312 --> 04:38.180 the articles and the studies are 04:38.180 --> 04:40.402 basically what she calls orphans in the 04:40.402 --> 04:43.090 literature . And a reason for why this 04:43.090 --> 04:45.290 is the case is that the articles 04:45.290 --> 04:47.840 themselves don't reference and position 04:47.840 --> 04:51.520 themselves in relation to similar or 04:51.520 --> 04:55.030 like articles or books . And even 04:55.030 --> 04:57.220 though we would consider this at least 04:57.220 --> 04:59.276 in political science to be something 04:59.276 --> 05:00.998 that you would be doing in the 05:00.998 --> 05:03.276 literature review section of the study , 05:03.276 --> 05:05.387 she says it's the articles themselves 05:05.387 --> 05:07.770 that um fail to communicate with the 05:07.780 --> 05:10.300 other um either other disciplines or 05:10.300 --> 05:12.740 with other works . And then something 05:12.740 --> 05:15.450 that I noticed in my own research is 05:15.450 --> 05:18.480 that um sometimes there are claims of 05:18.480 --> 05:20.760 disciplinary ownership over concepts 05:21.140 --> 05:23.260 and I noticed this in a number of 05:23.260 --> 05:26.130 articles that I cite below um and found 05:26.130 --> 05:27.963 that was predominantly strategic 05:27.963 --> 05:29.852 studies scholars in some military 05:29.852 --> 05:32.074 historians and not obviously not trying 05:32.074 --> 05:33.963 to say it's all strategic studies 05:33.963 --> 05:36.074 scholars or military historians , but 05:36.074 --> 05:38.074 those were the articles or books in 05:38.074 --> 05:40.241 which I was finding explicit claims of 05:40.241 --> 05:42.270 ownership and explicit claims to 05:42.270 --> 05:44.990 legitimacy when studying grand strategy . 05:45.030 --> 05:46.950 Um and as well as Strategy , 05:49.540 --> 05:51.380 the second way in which these 05:51.380 --> 05:54.240 literatures are fragmented are because 05:54.240 --> 05:55.730 of how in compensable the 05:55.730 --> 05:58.860 conceptualization czar . And in a point 05:58.860 --> 06:01.027 of fact , some text that I read didn't 06:01.027 --> 06:03.082 even conceptualize strategy or Grand 06:03.082 --> 06:05.280 strategy at all . Instead they would 06:05.280 --> 06:07.870 just assume that the reader um knew 06:07.870 --> 06:10.092 what that meant and that was even after 06:10.092 --> 06:12.670 checking footnotes and endnotes to see 06:12.680 --> 06:14.847 if maybe the , the definition had just 06:14.847 --> 06:17.280 been buried . Um Oftentimes I just 06:17.280 --> 06:19.820 wouldn't even find the definition . And 06:19.820 --> 06:22.960 then the other thing is that this has 06:22.960 --> 06:24.904 been mentioned in other conceptual 06:24.904 --> 06:27.620 analyses of grand strategy and strategy , 06:27.620 --> 06:29.064 is that there are various 06:29.064 --> 06:31.231 conceptualization of both strategy and 06:31.231 --> 06:33.170 Grand strategy , both within and 06:33.170 --> 06:36.370 between disciplines . And we can just 06:36.370 --> 06:38.860 see from a small sampling that I just 06:38.860 --> 06:42.610 picked um that that included um 06:42.610 --> 06:44.480 some scholars from the three 06:44.480 --> 06:46.660 disciplines that I discussed uh 06:46.670 --> 06:48.837 previously as being the main ones that 06:48.837 --> 06:51.320 I read into um that each one of them 06:51.320 --> 06:54.050 has a vastly different 06:54.050 --> 06:56.240 conceptualization to the point that 06:56.250 --> 06:58.139 it's almost as if you're not even 06:58.139 --> 07:00.840 reading um in the same subject or on 07:00.840 --> 07:04.820 the same topic . And as I 07:04.820 --> 07:08.120 discussed salah and has a 2018 article 07:08.120 --> 07:10.231 analyzing this and she breaks it down 07:10.231 --> 07:12.453 into grand plans , grand principles and 07:12.453 --> 07:15.360 grand behavior and Rebecca listener 07:15.370 --> 07:17.780 who's also at the Naval War College , 07:17.790 --> 07:21.470 had another article in 2018 that looked 07:21.470 --> 07:24.000 at Grand Strategy and said that the way 07:24.000 --> 07:27.280 that it's treated in both academic and 07:27.280 --> 07:30.220 in policy literatures was as a variable 07:30.220 --> 07:32.220 a process in the blueprint . And so 07:32.220 --> 07:35.940 this was just to give you an idea of 07:35.940 --> 07:37.996 some of the work that's being done . 07:37.996 --> 07:40.170 That's also showed um how Grand 07:40.170 --> 07:42.700 strategy specifically in this case has 07:42.700 --> 07:44.811 a lot of different ways that it could 07:44.811 --> 07:46.867 be conceptualized and treated within 07:46.867 --> 07:48.922 the literatures . And then in my own 07:48.922 --> 07:50.922 research on both Grand strategy and 07:50.922 --> 07:53.050 Strategy , I found that there were a 07:53.050 --> 07:55.680 couple of other ways in which um they 07:55.680 --> 07:58.220 could be differentiated . And so in 07:58.220 --> 08:00.387 terms of Grand strategy , I found that 08:00.387 --> 08:02.498 there is a military centric versus an 08:02.498 --> 08:04.609 instrument of power approach . So for 08:04.609 --> 08:08.250 instance , here I have um A quote from 08:08.250 --> 08:11.520 Robert Art in his 2003 book and as you 08:11.520 --> 08:15.300 can see , it really is focused on how 08:15.300 --> 08:17.700 the military instrument of power is 08:17.700 --> 08:20.370 used and doesn't in disregards all of 08:20.370 --> 08:22.760 the other um instruments of power . 08:23.340 --> 08:26.570 Whereas here in tammy Davis Bittles 08:26.580 --> 08:30.130 piece per Manuscript 08:30.140 --> 08:33.920 from 2015 she discusses and this is 08:33.920 --> 08:35.920 her original emphasis , it's a comp 08:35.920 --> 08:37.587 that grand strategy should be 08:37.587 --> 08:39.809 considered a combination of instruments 08:39.809 --> 08:41.476 of power including military , 08:41.476 --> 08:43.587 diplomatic and economic instruments . 08:43.587 --> 08:46.290 Um And so that's just another way like 08:46.290 --> 08:49.060 these are . It's almost as if because 08:49.070 --> 08:52.480 arts intention in his concept doesn't 08:52.480 --> 08:55.410 use the other concepts , then the 08:55.420 --> 08:57.760 extension of the concept means that he 08:57.760 --> 08:59.850 would be looking at a much smaller 08:59.850 --> 09:03.250 subset of grand strategies or possible 09:03.250 --> 09:06.850 cases than better would be . And the 09:06.850 --> 09:09.220 second way in which conceptualizing 09:09.220 --> 09:11.440 grand strategy and strategy across 09:11.500 --> 09:14.100 disciplines that I found were different 09:14.110 --> 09:16.166 is that whether or not the ends were 09:16.166 --> 09:19.440 realist or that any ends could be used . 09:19.450 --> 09:22.020 So for instance , I have a couple 09:22.020 --> 09:25.140 examples of um from across 09:25.140 --> 09:29.090 disciplines of how grand strategies 09:29.100 --> 09:30.933 and strategies are meant only to 09:30.933 --> 09:33.950 provide security or to secure a state 09:34.340 --> 09:36.390 or another political community . 09:36.400 --> 09:38.940 Whereas there are also many other 09:38.940 --> 09:42.320 scholars who point to strategy and 09:42.320 --> 09:44.487 grand strategy as being able to pursue 09:44.487 --> 09:46.870 more than that like prosperity or the 09:46.870 --> 09:50.110 pursuit of resources not necessarily uh 09:50.120 --> 09:52.960 for ends but as means to other ends . 09:54.840 --> 09:58.270 And then the big place where 09:58.270 --> 10:00.960 I think a lot of the original work that 10:00.960 --> 10:03.340 I've done comes across is that I did a 10:03.340 --> 10:06.330 critical genre theory , analysis of the 10:06.330 --> 10:08.770 literature from my dissertation 10:08.770 --> 10:10.548 actually , which was sort of an 10:10.548 --> 10:12.437 unorthodox way of proceeding with 10:12.437 --> 10:14.603 literature review and I just wanted to 10:14.603 --> 10:17.230 read a quote from beta um in order to 10:17.230 --> 10:19.350 explain what critical genre theory is 10:19.740 --> 10:22.670 and it is that in the sense that 10:22.670 --> 10:24.892 communication is more than simply words 10:24.892 --> 10:27.360 syntax and even semantics . In fact it 10:27.360 --> 10:29.416 is a matter of understanding why and 10:29.416 --> 10:31.790 how members of specific professional or 10:31.790 --> 10:33.846 disciplinary communities communicate 10:33.846 --> 10:37.300 the way they do . And so for me that's 10:37.300 --> 10:39.210 really important because as I was 10:39.210 --> 10:40.932 saying it wasn't that I'm just 10:40.932 --> 10:43.950 interested um going forward talking 10:43.950 --> 10:46.117 about how these different texts can be 10:46.117 --> 10:49.070 categorized based on the words they use 10:49.070 --> 10:51.181 or based on relationships . It's also 10:51.181 --> 10:54.250 really trying to understand um for me 10:54.250 --> 10:56.960 why it is that scholars from these 10:56.960 --> 10:59.430 different disciplines that often find 10:59.430 --> 11:01.486 themselves working interdisciplinary 11:01.486 --> 11:03.597 really with each other , particularly 11:03.597 --> 11:06.620 at P . M . E . Institutes . Um why is 11:06.620 --> 11:09.020 it that they use the language they do 11:09.020 --> 11:11.820 or why is it that they produced text of 11:11.820 --> 11:13.860 a specific genre over others 11:15.640 --> 11:19.560 and the genres as I was I just kind of 11:19.560 --> 11:21.338 said a little bit involved many 11:21.338 --> 11:23.560 different relationships . Um one of the 11:23.560 --> 11:25.782 big ones being the purposes of the both 11:25.782 --> 11:28.550 the producer and the audience also 11:28.550 --> 11:31.250 inter textually there are relationships 11:31.250 --> 11:33.306 between the text and genres and also 11:33.306 --> 11:35.630 inter generically between the genres 11:35.630 --> 11:39.450 themselves and the ideal genres . Um 11:39.460 --> 11:41.682 that most normally get talked about our 11:41.682 --> 11:44.460 normative , theoretical , an empirical 11:44.470 --> 11:46.990 and then the third genre that I'm 11:46.990 --> 11:48.823 adding into the mix and into the 11:48.823 --> 11:51.590 discussion is that I noticed that there 11:51.600 --> 11:55.090 are what I call didactic texts and so 11:55.090 --> 11:58.430 that I have categorized them as a third 11:58.430 --> 12:01.760 genre . And so just 12:01.770 --> 12:04.770 quickly , I don't mean to be pedantic . 12:04.780 --> 12:06.891 I just want to talk and provide these 12:06.891 --> 12:08.947 definitions of norman of theoretical 12:08.947 --> 12:11.002 and empirical uh so that you can see 12:11.002 --> 12:13.169 the difference with the didactic genre 12:13.169 --> 12:15.980 and have it as a way of of seeing the 12:15.980 --> 12:18.202 constellation of the genre's , how they 12:18.202 --> 12:20.440 relate to each other . So normative , 12:20.450 --> 12:23.760 theoretical tax , their purpose are to 12:23.760 --> 12:25.871 make value statements of what reality 12:25.871 --> 12:28.360 should be . These most often take the 12:28.370 --> 12:30.660 form of policy or action proposals . 12:30.680 --> 12:32.736 And another purpose is to make value 12:32.736 --> 12:35.780 statements of what is good or bad . And 12:35.780 --> 12:39.260 so examples I have here um include do 12:39.260 --> 12:41.480 ecg trace the debates of proponents of 12:41.480 --> 12:43.600 four types of grand strategies and 12:43.600 --> 12:46.060 posing and ross do this as well . In an 12:46.060 --> 12:48.650 earlier article , goals President 12:48.650 --> 12:51.850 Sapolsky Propose a grand strategy of 12:51.850 --> 12:53.294 restraint . And then in a 12:53.294 --> 12:55.670 counterproposal Brooks I can bury a 12:55.670 --> 12:59.500 wolf . 4th propose a grand strategy 12:59.500 --> 13:03.370 of deep engagement in terms of the 13:03.370 --> 13:05.680 empirical genre . The purpose is to 13:05.680 --> 13:07.791 make statements of what reality is or 13:07.791 --> 13:10.370 what reality was . And one of the 13:10.370 --> 13:12.660 examples that I found in my in my 13:12.660 --> 13:14.827 literature review and my review of the 13:14.827 --> 13:17.300 literature was Jordan Tamas article 13:17.300 --> 13:20.510 from 2015 Where he asked three research 13:20.510 --> 13:23.870 questions and I've italicized those 13:23.870 --> 13:26.990 questions that I see as empirical um 13:27.000 --> 13:29.880 for the purposes of this presentation 13:29.880 --> 13:32.600 and those are um what have been the 13:32.600 --> 13:34.544 outcomes of quadrennial reviews of 13:34.544 --> 13:37.040 governing agencies , what factors have 13:37.040 --> 13:39.720 shaped their outcomes . And then in his 13:39.720 --> 13:41.887 article , he also has a third research 13:41.887 --> 13:44.109 question that is actually normative and 13:44.109 --> 13:45.942 that's more generally our formal 13:45.942 --> 13:47.998 strategic view reviews Worth doing . 13:47.998 --> 13:49.831 And he's specifically looking at 13:49.831 --> 13:51.887 quadrennial defense reviews but also 13:51.887 --> 13:54.970 the quadrennial uh diplomatic um 13:54.980 --> 13:57.820 the name of its eluding me but it was 13:57.820 --> 14:00.070 like State Department us AIDS 14:00.070 --> 14:02.070 quadrennial diplomatic review under 14:02.070 --> 14:04.580 Secretary Clinton . Um And so even here 14:04.580 --> 14:08.010 you can see that empirical that texts 14:08.020 --> 14:10.020 don't necessarily have to be purely 14:10.020 --> 14:12.250 empirical in order to be placed within 14:12.250 --> 14:15.470 the genre um that we can they can be at 14:15.470 --> 14:17.692 sort of various parts on the spectrum . 14:17.940 --> 14:21.660 Um And then in the third genre that 14:21.660 --> 14:25.440 I uh created through my noticing of 14:25.440 --> 14:27.551 patterns within the literature is the 14:27.551 --> 14:30.050 didactic genre . And it also has two 14:30.050 --> 14:32.880 purposes to make statements of how the 14:32.880 --> 14:36.680 world may be or may is or 14:36.690 --> 14:38.857 and also to make statements of how the 14:38.857 --> 14:40.857 audience should act and think about 14:40.857 --> 14:42.968 their subject when they practice . So 14:42.968 --> 14:44.912 it's really different because it's 14:44.912 --> 14:47.790 about how um how to do things . And 14:47.790 --> 14:50.810 even in um one of the books that I read 14:50.810 --> 14:52.643 the handbook on U . S . National 14:52.643 --> 14:55.570 Security . Um They even stay in their 14:55.570 --> 14:57.860 introduction that they view their book 14:58.240 --> 15:01.160 um as a how to guide for current and 15:01.160 --> 15:04.830 future practitioners and so many 15:04.830 --> 15:07.360 examples of text that would fit into 15:07.360 --> 15:10.640 the genre of the didactic genre . Um 15:10.640 --> 15:12.862 But not necessarily all these texts are 15:12.862 --> 15:14.473 those created at P . M . E . 15:14.473 --> 15:16.418 Institutions . So for instance the 15:16.418 --> 15:19.740 ptolemy's edited volumes on our 15:19.750 --> 15:22.890 strategy at the US Army War College 15:22.890 --> 15:26.160 from 2012 . And there's two volumes 15:26.540 --> 15:28.762 but also there are other texts that are 15:28.762 --> 15:30.818 meant for a broader audience and yet 15:30.818 --> 15:32.770 are still related to PM ME and for 15:32.770 --> 15:35.930 instance , reverend Voce Dev and cloud 15:35.940 --> 15:38.800 who are all um I believe all at the 15:38.800 --> 15:41.750 Naval War College um wrote or edited 15:41.750 --> 15:45.440 the 2018 Oxford Handbook on U . S . 15:45.440 --> 15:46.560 National security . 15:49.040 --> 15:51.910 And as well , some Strategic Theory 15:51.910 --> 15:55.550 texts fall into this genre . 15:56.390 --> 15:59.920 and stroke in in his article from 2019 15:59.920 --> 16:03.560 discusses how strategic theory could 16:03.560 --> 16:05.750 fall into this one if you if you read 16:05.750 --> 16:08.860 them and that's in um there's two 16:09.240 --> 16:12.970 different types of strategic theory the 16:12.970 --> 16:16.550 first being dr doctrinal thread or how 16:16.550 --> 16:18.661 to do war and the second being how to 16:18.661 --> 16:21.570 think about war and both of those um 16:21.580 --> 16:25.000 really fit well with my definition of 16:25.000 --> 16:26.889 the two different purposes of the 16:26.889 --> 16:29.056 didactic genre which is it's all about 16:29.056 --> 16:32.010 how to do something and also how to 16:32.010 --> 16:34.460 think I would argue fits into that . 16:35.730 --> 16:39.410 And so stroke insights Germany 16:39.410 --> 16:43.190 and also um clausewitz as being two 16:43.190 --> 16:46.770 of the um exemplary um 16:47.340 --> 16:50.950 texts of how to do war but also how to 16:50.950 --> 16:54.490 think about war and the implications of 16:54.490 --> 16:56.760 this research . I think tie in really 16:56.760 --> 17:00.000 well with this critique by Robinson at 17:00.010 --> 17:03.490 all from rand of P . M . E . Institutes 17:03.490 --> 17:06.170 where they argue that the current 17:06.170 --> 17:08.480 process of developing strategies 17:08.480 --> 17:10.480 doesn't routinely produce effective 17:10.480 --> 17:12.647 strategies in part because the U . S . 17:12.647 --> 17:14.758 Military is taught to expect a linear 17:14.758 --> 17:16.702 approach in which the policymakers 17:16.702 --> 17:18.924 provide the objectives and the military 17:18.924 --> 17:21.258 develops the options for achieving them . 17:21.340 --> 17:24.860 And the reason why I put up this quote 17:25.240 --> 17:28.730 is because what my argument would be 17:28.740 --> 17:32.070 that the uncommunicative disciplinary 17:32.070 --> 17:34.237 silos , the in commensurate ability of 17:34.237 --> 17:37.690 concepts and the three different 17:37.740 --> 17:40.500 genres and in particular lack of text 17:40.500 --> 17:43.020 and the empirical genre , especially 17:43.020 --> 17:45.600 present day or near past empirical 17:45.600 --> 17:49.060 works um is what's causing 17:49.990 --> 17:52.490 these issues to occur . And the reason 17:52.490 --> 17:56.050 being that if the disciplinary silos 17:56.050 --> 17:58.161 don't communicate with each other and 17:58.161 --> 18:00.860 have various types of concepts that are 18:00.870 --> 18:03.870 in compensable and don't have empirical 18:03.870 --> 18:06.440 text . Um especially empirical text on 18:06.440 --> 18:09.620 the present day in your past , then we 18:09.620 --> 18:11.287 will continue to will fail to 18:11.287 --> 18:13.590 communicate knowledge which is being 18:13.590 --> 18:16.560 discussed in other research will fail 18:16.560 --> 18:18.560 to communicate knowledge within and 18:18.560 --> 18:20.671 between disciplines as well as in the 18:20.671 --> 18:22.782 classroom and in practice . Something 18:22.782 --> 18:24.949 that I noticed in my dissertation work 18:24.949 --> 18:27.600 where I interviewed current and former 18:27.600 --> 18:30.830 practitioners uh that developed grand 18:30.830 --> 18:32.820 strategy strategies , policies and 18:32.820 --> 18:36.100 plans is that oftentimes they would use 18:36.100 --> 18:39.070 words terms but then their definitions 18:39.070 --> 18:41.126 of the terms would be very different 18:41.126 --> 18:43.348 from other people . So one person might 18:43.348 --> 18:45.459 define a strategy in a particular way 18:45.459 --> 18:47.348 and another person might define a 18:47.348 --> 18:49.570 policy in that same way and so that can 18:49.570 --> 18:52.800 create issues in communication but also 18:52.830 --> 18:54.930 in terms of the fact that if we're 18:54.930 --> 18:56.950 teaching and using data tactic text 18:57.340 --> 18:59.460 with a lack of empirical text in the 18:59.460 --> 19:01.680 present day in your past . And those 19:01.680 --> 19:03.736 texts will predominantly be based on 19:03.736 --> 19:05.791 either normative texts of saying how 19:05.791 --> 19:08.013 things should be will be based on other 19:08.013 --> 19:10.700 didactic texts . They'll be based on 19:10.700 --> 19:13.280 historically empirical text and or 19:13.280 --> 19:15.420 there'll be folk based on anecdotes 19:15.420 --> 19:17.640 from personal experiences whether the 19:17.640 --> 19:21.330 writers or the educators . And while 19:21.340 --> 19:23.630 I'm not critiquing and saying that we 19:23.630 --> 19:25.963 shouldn't use historical empirical text , 19:25.963 --> 19:29.320 one issue that we we and our students 19:29.320 --> 19:32.150 may find ourselves in um when they go 19:32.150 --> 19:34.510 off to their next post is that those 19:34.510 --> 19:36.770 historical texts may not represent the 19:36.770 --> 19:38.714 reality that they're going to find 19:38.714 --> 19:40.937 themselves in . And so just one example 19:40.937 --> 19:44.180 of that is being um if they're taught 19:44.190 --> 19:47.090 about historical empirical text about 19:47.090 --> 19:49.312 how the National Security Council works 19:49.312 --> 19:51.423 and that's where they're going next . 19:51.423 --> 19:53.368 Well , the history of the National 19:53.368 --> 19:55.423 Security Council and Truman right is 19:55.423 --> 19:55.210 very different from the National 19:55.210 --> 19:57.980 Security Council under George W Bush , 19:57.990 --> 20:01.880 um Obama trump and biden . Um 20:01.890 --> 20:04.220 and so they might go in expecting not 20:04.220 --> 20:06.220 to have a lot of influence or to be 20:06.220 --> 20:08.498 ignored . And then when they get there , 20:08.498 --> 20:10.553 they find that actually the National 20:10.553 --> 20:12.553 Security Council , depending on the 20:12.553 --> 20:14.387 National Security adviser may be 20:14.387 --> 20:16.553 playing a much larger role than in the 20:16.553 --> 20:19.660 past . Thank you so much for your time . 20:20.040 --> 20:22.570 Uh And I am looking forward to the 20:22.570 --> 20:23.959 question answer period . 20:43.140 --> 20:45.307 Thank you so much . Mr . So Becky . We 20:45.307 --> 20:47.362 did have one question in the general 20:47.362 --> 20:49.529 chat . Just asking if this power point 20:49.529 --> 20:51.770 will be available after this session , 20:52.940 --> 20:56.240 Yes , I can make it available to people . 20:56.240 --> 21:00.210 And um I guess the best way to do that 21:00.210 --> 21:02.321 would be to email me . And the reason 21:02.321 --> 21:04.432 why I put both my school email and my 21:04.432 --> 21:06.543 personal email is that hopefully I'll 21:06.543 --> 21:08.266 be graduating in May and I say 21:08.266 --> 21:11.190 hopefully only because um I have a 21:11.200 --> 21:13.422 couple of opportunities that require me 21:13.422 --> 21:16.730 to to stay enrolled . Um So just if you 21:16.730 --> 21:18.730 don't if anybody emails me , if you 21:18.730 --> 21:20.508 don't mind , just see seeing my 21:20.508 --> 21:22.730 personal email as well , I'd appreciate 21:22.730 --> 21:26.390 that . That's great . Any other 21:26.390 --> 21:28.540 questions before we wrap up today ? 21:28.550 --> 21:31.000 This was a great presentation . Lots of 21:31.010 --> 21:31.960 great information .