WEBVTT 00:04.100 --> 00:06.000 - [Moderator] Non-military, 00:06.000 --> 00:08.470 people not in uniform to change the status quo. 00:08.470 --> 00:10.310 How's NATO responding to these 00:10.310 --> 00:12.543 sort of hybrid warfare strategies? 00:14.034 --> 00:16.684 - Well we are responding to hybrid warfare strategies 00:18.200 --> 00:21.150 by implementing the biggest adaptation, 00:21.150 --> 00:23.533 the biggest change of NATO in a generation. 00:24.640 --> 00:27.030 Because what we have seen, 00:27.030 --> 00:30.130 especially in Crimea, which is, you know, close to NATO, 00:36.729 --> 00:39.180 is that the use of what was called little green men 00:39.180 --> 00:43.491 and so on, military personnel, in uniform, 00:43.491 --> 00:48.130 but without insignias, they were extremely critical, 00:48.130 --> 00:51.420 or they were key in making it possible for Russia 00:51.420 --> 00:55.620 to illegally annex, take control over Crimea. 00:55.620 --> 00:59.373 We have seen other ways of conducting 01:01.330 --> 01:03.170 what we then call hybrid warfare, 01:03.170 --> 01:05.300 which is this kind of mixture 01:05.300 --> 01:07.469 of covert and overt operations, 01:07.469 --> 01:10.640 military and non-military means of aggression, 01:10.640 --> 01:15.277 cyber-attacks and meddling in political processes 01:19.653 --> 01:24.480 and many other ways of trying to intimidate 01:24.480 --> 01:28.453 or to force countries to behave in 01:28.453 --> 01:32.880 a way which the aggressor wants them to behave. 01:32.880 --> 01:37.120 And we are responding to that partly by increasing 01:37.120 --> 01:39.720 and improving the way we do intelligence, 01:39.720 --> 01:43.270 because it is important to understand what is going on, 01:43.270 --> 01:45.140 because that's the purpose of hybrid warfare, 01:45.140 --> 01:48.393 is actually to try to disguise what you're doing. 01:50.484 --> 01:54.420 And improve the intelligence is one important part of it. 01:54.420 --> 01:56.730 Higher readiness of our forces is another 01:56.730 --> 01:59.090 part of what we are doing because, 01:59.090 --> 02:01.470 especially because it's hard to understand, 02:01.470 --> 02:02.970 we have to react quickly, 02:02.970 --> 02:07.970 then the readiness of our forces is of great importance. 02:08.307 --> 02:09.970 We are also responding partly 02:09.970 --> 02:13.770 to the risk of hybrid threats by 02:13.770 --> 02:17.110 deploying forces to the eastern part of the Alliance. 02:17.110 --> 02:18.840 We have never had combat-ready troops in 02:18.840 --> 02:21.670 the eastern part of our Alliance before, now we have that. 02:21.670 --> 02:23.320 And that's sending a very clear signal 02:23.320 --> 02:25.483 that any attempt to do something similar 02:25.483 --> 02:29.046 against a NATO member in the Baltic countries, Poland, 02:29.046 --> 02:33.310 that Russia did against a non-NATO member, Ukraine, 02:33.310 --> 02:35.110 will be impossible because NATO 02:35.110 --> 02:37.860 is already in those countries. 02:37.860 --> 02:40.440 So we do many things at the same time, 02:40.440 --> 02:43.293 because hybrid is about many challenges at the same time. 02:47.630 --> 02:49.641 - [Staff] I wonder if everybody could 02:49.641 --> 02:52.700 be encouraged to keep their questions concise 02:52.700 --> 02:55.300 and if you could start by just introducing yourself. 03:00.650 --> 03:01.610 - [Reporter] You mentioned in your 03:01.610 --> 03:04.760 analysis several countries, 03:04.760 --> 03:08.489 where does the United States fit in? 03:08.489 --> 03:09.492 - Sorry? 03:09.492 --> 03:11.003 - [Reporter] Where does the United States fit in? 03:12.180 --> 03:16.700 - The United States is the biggest NATO Ally 03:16.700 --> 03:20.250 and they are, of course, 03:20.250 --> 03:22.610 extremely important for the NATO Alliance. 03:22.610 --> 03:24.555 NATO is a transatlantic Alliance, 03:24.555 --> 03:28.155 established after the Second World War, in 1949, 03:28.155 --> 03:32.537 and NATO is a framework for binding 03:32.537 --> 03:35.758 Europe and North America, 03:35.758 --> 03:38.393 the United States and Canada together. 03:41.580 --> 03:44.020 For Europe, you know, it's unprecedented 03:44.020 --> 03:46.810 to have such a long period of peace. 03:46.810 --> 03:48.750 And there are many reasons why we have peace 03:48.750 --> 03:50.630 for more than 70 years in Europe, 03:50.630 --> 03:53.820 but there is no doubt that one of the main reasons 03:53.820 --> 03:56.011 is that we were able to build institutions 03:56.011 --> 03:59.303 like NATO after the Second World War, 03:59.303 --> 04:02.780 to make sure that nothing like that happens again. 04:02.780 --> 04:05.340 Then, I don't know exactly what you're asking about, 04:05.340 --> 04:08.083 but of course there are differences. 04:10.580 --> 04:13.036 NATO Allies don't agree on everything. 04:13.036 --> 04:15.291 Actually, it is very easy to identify 04:15.291 --> 04:18.030 disagreements between NATO Allies, 04:18.030 --> 04:20.970 on climate change or on trade issues, 04:20.970 --> 04:24.660 or on the Iran nuclear deal, and many other issues. 04:24.660 --> 04:25.800 But the strength of NATO 04:25.800 --> 04:28.080 is that despite all these differences, 04:28.080 --> 04:31.320 we have always been able to agree around our core task, 04:31.320 --> 04:32.743 that we protect each other, 04:32.743 --> 04:36.100 that we are stronger together than alone. 04:36.100 --> 04:41.100 And as you know, NATO is based on the principle, 04:41.440 --> 04:42.870 one for all, all for one, 04:42.870 --> 04:44.800 so if one Ally is attacked, 04:44.800 --> 04:48.530 then it is regarded as an attack on all Allies. 04:48.530 --> 04:52.477 And by doing that we provide 04:52.477 --> 04:56.029 what we call credible deterrence, 04:56.029 --> 04:58.024 and the reason to have credible deterrence 04:58.024 --> 05:02.930 is to make sure that no potential adversary 05:02.930 --> 05:05.213 attack any NATO Ally because they know that 05:05.213 --> 05:07.610 that will trigger a response from the whole Alliance. 05:07.610 --> 05:10.410 And by doing so we don't provoke a conflict, 05:10.410 --> 05:12.432 but we prevent the conflict. 05:12.432 --> 05:15.030 And again, I don't know exactly what you ask me about, 05:15.030 --> 05:18.430 but the United States is fundamental 05:18.430 --> 05:20.263 for that the credible deterrence. 05:25.800 --> 05:29.070 - [Reporter] What implications does Trump's nationalist 05:29.070 --> 05:33.563 and America First rhetoric have for NATO and its Allies? 05:39.775 --> 05:42.530 - As I said, NATO is an Alliance 05:42.530 --> 05:47.523 of 29 democracies and there are differences. 05:48.890 --> 05:50.880 I mentioned the differences we see today, 05:50.880 --> 05:55.880 trade, or climate change and other issues, 05:57.700 --> 05:59.760 where we see serious disagreements 05:59.760 --> 06:02.533 between NATO Allies on serious issues. 06:05.670 --> 06:07.053 We have seen that before. 06:08.408 --> 06:10.490 A few years after NATO was established, 06:10.490 --> 06:12.220 we had the Suez Crisis where two 06:12.220 --> 06:14.678 NATO Allies went into Egypt, 06:14.678 --> 06:18.630 and the United States was heavily against that. 06:18.630 --> 06:20.990 And that divided us very much 06:20.990 --> 06:22.917 but we overcame those differences 06:22.917 --> 06:25.683 and we continue to stay strong as NATO. 06:27.230 --> 06:30.963 NATO's headquarters, in the beginning, was in Paris. 06:31.810 --> 06:35.100 Then France and the United States 06:37.260 --> 06:39.890 the relationship deteriorated. 06:39.890 --> 06:42.580 So de Gaulle, President de Gaulle decided 06:42.580 --> 06:47.580 to ask NATO to leave, and NATO left Paris, 06:48.070 --> 06:50.070 and we moved to Brussels. 06:50.070 --> 06:52.920 And then, for instance, the Iraq War in 2003, 06:52.920 --> 06:56.450 some NATO Allies were heavily involved. 06:56.450 --> 06:59.320 And part of the Iraq War in 2003, 06:59.320 --> 07:02.450 all the NATO Allies were heavily against. 07:02.450 --> 07:05.848 I'm not saying this to try to minimize 07:05.848 --> 07:09.340 or to say that these differences are not important, 07:09.340 --> 07:11.380 they are important because there 07:11.380 --> 07:13.690 are serious disagreements historically 07:13.690 --> 07:16.190 and also today about serious things. 07:16.190 --> 07:19.839 But I'm saying that to convey a message that, of course, 07:19.839 --> 07:22.690 the best thing would be if we were able 07:22.690 --> 07:24.940 to solve the differences, 07:24.940 --> 07:27.163 on climate change, trade, whatever it is. 07:28.090 --> 07:29.080 But as long as we're not able 07:29.080 --> 07:30.470 to solve all those differences, 07:30.470 --> 07:31.680 at least what we have to make sure 07:31.680 --> 07:35.048 is that we're able to make sure that NATO functions 07:35.048 --> 07:37.920 and delivers on what is NATO's core task. 07:37.920 --> 07:40.010 And that is that any potential adversary 07:40.010 --> 07:42.670 knows that if one Ally is attacked, 07:42.670 --> 07:44.270 the whole Alliance will respond. 07:45.187 --> 07:48.070 And that we keep and we stand together. 07:48.070 --> 07:51.160 And my message is that, yes, there are differences 07:51.160 --> 07:55.030 in policy, in rhetoric, in messaging on many issues. 07:55.030 --> 07:57.192 And you mentioned some of them. 07:57.192 --> 08:00.033 But my message that despite that, 08:00.033 --> 08:05.033 we actually deliver NATO's collective security, 08:05.050 --> 08:08.530 collective defense, stronger now than 08:08.530 --> 08:10.500 we have done for many years. 08:10.500 --> 08:13.662 Because the United States is not pulling back from NATO, 08:13.662 --> 08:16.070 the United States is actually 08:16.070 --> 08:19.293 increasing their contributions to NATO. 08:20.854 --> 08:25.032 The best example of that is that the United States 08:25.032 --> 08:28.963 is now increasing their military presence in Europe. 08:30.810 --> 08:31.643 During the Cold War, 08:31.643 --> 08:33.340 there was several hundred thousands 08:34.240 --> 08:36.693 of US soldiers in Europe. 08:40.150 --> 08:43.537 NATO and the Warsaw Pact confronted each other in Europe. 08:44.792 --> 08:46.142 After the fall of the Berlin Wall, 08:46.142 --> 08:47.520 after the end of the Cold War, 08:47.520 --> 08:49.637 the United States and Canada 08:49.637 --> 08:51.660 reduced significantly the number 08:51.660 --> 08:53.370 of troops, forces in Europe. 08:53.370 --> 08:55.620 Now they are coming back. 08:55.620 --> 08:59.567 Canada is back, leading one of the battlegroups. 08:59.567 --> 09:01.110 We have established one battlegroup, 09:01.110 --> 09:04.930 NATO battlegroup in Latvia, led by Canada. 09:04.930 --> 09:07.520 A few years ago we didn't have that. 09:07.520 --> 09:10.606 The United States is increasing their military presence. 09:10.606 --> 09:15.606 The last US battle tank left Europe in December 2013, 09:16.740 --> 09:18.589 after the end of the Cold War, 09:18.589 --> 09:20.056 because they gradually reduced and 09:20.056 --> 09:22.480 the last battle tank left in December 2013. 09:22.480 --> 09:24.270 Now the United States is back with 09:24.270 --> 09:26.353 a full Armored Brigade in Europe. 09:28.010 --> 09:30.000 They have equipment for yet another. 09:30.000 --> 09:32.010 They have more troops, more exercises, 09:32.010 --> 09:36.110 more US investments in supplies, 09:36.110 --> 09:38.550 in prepositioned equipment. 09:38.550 --> 09:43.550 So the reality is that the United States is more present, 09:43.970 --> 09:47.030 and I cannot think about any stronger 09:47.030 --> 09:50.550 demonstration of commitment to European security 09:50.550 --> 09:52.800 than sending more US troops. 09:52.800 --> 09:57.800 So, my message is that, well, 09:58.840 --> 10:03.010 there are differences and they are serious. 10:03.010 --> 10:08.010 But when it comes to what's NATO's main responsibility, 10:08.200 --> 10:12.000 that we protect and defend each other, to prevent conflict, 10:12.000 --> 10:15.502 NATO's main purpose is peace. 10:15.502 --> 10:17.230 That's the reason why we exist. 10:17.230 --> 10:19.830 Because we have seen the devastating effects of war. 10:20.750 --> 10:24.290 On that, actually, NATO is and has been able to deliver, 10:24.290 --> 10:25.960 despite the differences. 10:25.960 --> 10:27.823 And that's the strength of NATO. 10:37.666 --> 10:39.550 - [Reporter] Mr. Stoltenberg, thank you for being here. 10:39.550 --> 10:40.510 I'd love your take on this, 10:40.510 --> 10:44.733 since you are a former Prime Minister of 10:44.733 --> 10:45.863 an oil and gas exporter. 10:47.660 --> 10:51.299 But we know that reliable and affordable 10:51.299 --> 10:53.533 access to natural sources, 10:57.407 --> 10:59.090 major sectors of the economy and heavy industry 10:59.090 --> 11:00.850 and manufacturing and the like. 11:00.850 --> 11:04.160 As well as those sectors which are derivative of that, 11:04.160 --> 11:06.500 most notably the arms industry, 11:06.500 --> 11:09.640 so obviously, we need a petrochemical industry. 11:09.640 --> 11:10.860 But at the same time, 11:10.860 --> 11:13.160 we know that oil and gas production 11:13.160 --> 11:15.450 and other forms of mineral extraction 11:15.450 --> 11:18.910 is going to make the climate change problem worse. 11:18.910 --> 11:22.148 So how do you balance those, well, 11:22.148 --> 11:25.430 how would you think about balancing those two priorities? 11:28.510 --> 11:29.343 - I'm a bit in doubt, 11:29.343 --> 11:31.870 because as the Secretary General of NATO, 11:31.870 --> 11:33.616 I have, how should I say, 11:33.616 --> 11:37.023 a limited mandate to answer that question precisely. 11:38.076 --> 11:40.103 Then, of course, I can tell you what 11:40.103 --> 11:43.823 I would have said if I had been Prime Minister of Norway. 11:45.000 --> 11:47.300 Because then I would have said something like.