WEBVTT 00:00.730 --> 00:03.760 - Ladies and gentlemen, first, 00:04.070 --> 00:08.140 the CNO's agreed to take some questions after his remarks. 00:08.373 --> 00:12.540 For the press corps, I'd ask you to hold your questions. 00:13.355 --> 00:17.272 The CNO will do a short availability over here, 00:17.360 --> 00:21.527 adjacent to the ballroom off to your left and my right. 00:23.390 --> 00:26.490 So it's indeed my honor and privilege now 00:26.490 --> 00:29.090 to introduce our final speaker for this afternoon, 00:29.420 --> 00:30.870 Admiral John M. Richardson, 00:30.870 --> 00:33.240 our 31st Chief of Naval Operations. 00:33.710 --> 00:36.160 An '82 graduate of the United States Naval Academy 00:36.160 --> 00:38.640 and holding a master's degree from MIT, 00:38.740 --> 00:40.920 the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 00:41.180 --> 00:43.730 and the National War College, Admiral Richardson 00:43.730 --> 00:46.300 has successfully served at every level of command 00:46.590 --> 00:50.757 to include command of the USS Honolulu, SUBDEVRON 12, 00:51.150 --> 00:55.190 Submarine Group 8, Commander, Submarine Force Atlantic, 00:55.190 --> 00:57.360 Naval Submarine Force, Director 00:57.360 --> 01:00.730 of Nuclear Propulsion program and now as a CNO. 01:01.340 --> 01:04.070 Following his tour in Honolulu, Admiral Richardson 01:04.070 --> 01:06.270 was awarded the Vice Admiral Stockdale Award 01:06.270 --> 01:09.577 for Visionary Leadership and it's my distinct pleasure-- 01:09.577 --> 01:10.920 (audience laughing) 01:10.920 --> 01:13.653 And I do recognize (mumbles) when told 'cause I am 01:13.653 --> 01:15.236 a (faint speaking) and I know what (faint speaking) 01:15.236 --> 01:16.976 knowledge is. - (chuckles) Nice, all right. 01:16.976 --> 01:18.710 (audience applauding) 01:18.710 --> 01:20.460 All right, thank you all very much. 01:24.820 --> 01:28.020 Thank you for that stunning and responsive introduction. 01:28.233 --> 01:30.283 (audience laughing) It's very excellent. 01:30.610 --> 01:32.910 And thank you, Barry, for everything 01:32.910 --> 01:35.050 and for having here again to speak 01:35.050 --> 01:36.820 to the Surface Navy Association. 01:36.820 --> 01:39.820 I'd like to also welcome Admiral Hogg, sir. 01:39.820 --> 01:42.830 Thanks for you coming here this evening 01:42.830 --> 01:45.440 down from Newport where you still serve 01:45.440 --> 01:47.040 as our intellectual leader out there 01:47.040 --> 01:49.750 and it's great to have you here, and then my friend 01:49.750 --> 01:51.870 and Naval Academy classmate Admiral Rowden 01:51.870 --> 01:56.037 who really set the high bar for these talks this morning. 01:56.300 --> 01:58.080 I don't know how we can compete with that, Tom, 01:58.080 --> 02:00.900 but thank you for leading this community 02:00.900 --> 02:04.219 and for 35 years of naval service. 02:04.219 --> 02:06.386 You and Suzy and the boys, 02:06.480 --> 02:09.760 and I know you had a chance to check in with your dad 02:09.760 --> 02:13.430 during your trip here to the East Coast, he's doing great. 02:13.430 --> 02:16.090 We should all hope to be as plugged in 02:16.090 --> 02:20.257 as Admiral Rowden, Vice, the other Admiral Rowden 02:20.742 --> 02:23.450 (audience laughing) is at that age and so, 02:23.460 --> 02:25.400 anyway, let's just give a tremendous round 02:25.400 --> 02:27.575 of applause for Admiral Tom Rowden for everything 02:27.575 --> 02:31.742 he's done. (audience applauding) 02:34.990 --> 02:36.790 Also wanna recognize Admiral Brown, 02:36.790 --> 02:38.810 Rich Brown here getting ready to take the helm 02:38.810 --> 02:41.040 and so he's leaning forward. 02:41.040 --> 02:42.540 Every time I see him, he's leaning forward. 02:42.540 --> 02:45.720 He's leaning into the harness and we couldn't ask 02:45.720 --> 02:49.887 for a better transition and so service force 02:50.650 --> 02:54.000 is steady as she goes, competent at the conn, 02:54.000 --> 02:56.250 so Rich, thanks very much for taking that on. 02:57.470 --> 03:00.070 Hey, as I get going, it always takes me 03:00.070 --> 03:02.170 a little bit of time to warm up in these speeches, 03:02.170 --> 03:05.550 to really kinda get in the zone. 03:05.550 --> 03:07.110 I just wanted to ask a quick question. 03:07.110 --> 03:10.410 It's audience participation is my favorite way to do a talk. 03:10.580 --> 03:13.100 How many in the audience here have had the chance 03:13.100 --> 03:17.267 to do a staff ride or a battlefield walk of a battle? 03:17.600 --> 03:19.650 Raise your hand if you've had a chance to that. 03:19.650 --> 03:22.390 If you've served you at high levels of command 03:22.390 --> 03:26.557 or on a staff, they're great. 03:27.281 --> 03:31.063 A great one is Antietam and the docents up there 03:31.170 --> 03:33.840 will lead you around to give you a terrific tour 03:33.840 --> 03:36.580 of the battlefield and there's nothing like walking 03:36.580 --> 03:40.470 that terrain to see, holy cow, Pickett's Charge. 03:40.470 --> 03:43.810 That really comes alive when you look across that field 03:43.810 --> 03:45.960 and you look up and you see where the artillery 03:45.960 --> 03:49.580 was emplaced, and you think, man, that took 03:49.580 --> 03:51.960 a lot of guts to even start that charge 03:53.190 --> 03:56.620 and you get out to Little Round Top 03:56.620 --> 03:58.610 and you see where the 20th Maine did their business 03:58.610 --> 04:02.777 or you get to see Antietam or any of those battlefields. 04:02.850 --> 04:06.480 If you go over to Europe, you can see Normandy 04:06.690 --> 04:09.190 and you get a chance just what it took 04:09.720 --> 04:11.860 to execute those campaigns. 04:11.860 --> 04:15.320 You get to walk the terrain and it's even better 04:15.320 --> 04:17.290 if you're assigned as a formal staff walk 04:17.290 --> 04:19.220 'cause you can role-play, right? 04:19.220 --> 04:22.090 And you sort of take on the role 04:22.090 --> 04:24.143 of one of the leaders in those battles 04:24.170 --> 04:25.980 and you get to rethink it through 04:25.980 --> 04:28.610 and you lead the team through that talk. 04:28.680 --> 04:30.980 You're there on station and it's 04:30.980 --> 04:33.750 a very educational experience and I've always envied 04:35.610 --> 04:38.090 the opportunity to do that and I always envy 04:38.090 --> 04:41.503 these land battles and the Army or the Marine Corps 04:41.503 --> 04:43.953 that fought them because in our business, 04:44.100 --> 04:47.240 we have nothing like that, right? 04:47.240 --> 04:50.850 We can study our battles but we have nothing like that 04:50.850 --> 04:52.762 and the end of our conflicts, at the end 04:52.762 --> 04:56.762 of our battles, the winners sail away victorious 04:57.900 --> 05:00.190 and the losers sink to the bottom, 05:01.230 --> 05:05.397 and the sea washes over them and soon after, 05:06.080 --> 05:08.110 there's almost no trace of what happens. 05:09.320 --> 05:11.670 I mean, maybe, if you wanna reach, you can think 05:11.670 --> 05:14.950 about walking the Constitution and you get a chance 05:14.950 --> 05:18.570 to see what war at sea in the age of sail 05:18.570 --> 05:22.390 might've been like, maybe you can walk 05:22.390 --> 05:26.540 the USS Missouri and you get a chance to see what fighting 05:26.540 --> 05:29.130 that battleship in World War II might've been like. 05:29.170 --> 05:33.040 In fact, Pearl Harbor is a naval battle of sorts 05:33.040 --> 05:36.640 and you can see where the terrain might've played a role, 05:37.100 --> 05:40.120 but in general, we don't get a chance to do 05:40.120 --> 05:42.130 anything close to a staff ride, 05:42.430 --> 05:45.870 and it's a stark testament to the unforgiving nature 05:45.870 --> 05:50.037 of our environment and it imposes a level of accountability 05:51.820 --> 05:55.120 far greater than any administrative measures 05:55.320 --> 05:57.440 that any Navy could ever take. 05:58.560 --> 06:01.750 One might think of the sea as hostile 06:02.700 --> 06:04.580 but, of course, it's not, right? 06:04.580 --> 06:07.200 I mean the sea has no knowledge that we're there. 06:07.200 --> 06:09.820 It's just tough on everybody. 06:10.090 --> 06:12.640 It's just tough operating at sea, 06:14.140 --> 06:16.880 so it makes one think what's the difference 06:16.880 --> 06:19.310 at the end of the battle between those 06:19.310 --> 06:21.640 who sail away and those who sink? 06:22.410 --> 06:25.030 And as you've, no doubt, realize 06:25.030 --> 06:29.197 and is the topic of a lot of this SNA Conference 06:30.040 --> 06:33.970 or there's a lot of things that go into that, right? 06:33.970 --> 06:36.700 I mean there's, you've heard a lot about those 06:36.700 --> 06:40.000 earlier today, certainly equipment 06:42.270 --> 06:45.540 bears a big role, it takes a big role. 06:45.820 --> 06:48.800 War-fighting concepts play a big role 06:49.240 --> 06:53.400 and these are crucial and they can make a difference 06:53.532 --> 06:56.053 but they'll all fall short, in fact, 06:56.120 --> 07:00.000 I think any external contributions will fall short 07:00.106 --> 07:04.273 without effective command, as we think about things 07:05.190 --> 07:08.260 this evening, I just wanna spend some time 07:08.680 --> 07:11.770 talking about command, like many of you in here, 07:12.120 --> 07:14.800 done a fair amount of time, spent a fair amount of time 07:14.800 --> 07:18.100 thinking about this, in fact, we wrote a lot about this 07:18.320 --> 07:21.620 in the Leader Development Framework and as we think 07:21.620 --> 07:25.787 about 2018, what will define a successful year 07:26.290 --> 07:29.950 in 2018 and, indeed, define 07:30.027 --> 07:33.380 becoming a more effective and more lethal Navy 07:33.380 --> 07:37.490 in combat, I'm convinced that discussions 07:37.490 --> 07:39.710 and centering our efforts around leadership 07:39.710 --> 07:42.590 in command will be absolutely essential. 07:43.400 --> 07:45.400 As we craft our way forward, 07:45.460 --> 07:48.770 we must revolve around the Navy 07:49.500 --> 07:52.420 that values and treasures command, 07:53.370 --> 07:56.880 never losing sight of that, the preparation, 07:57.083 --> 08:00.000 the support, the execution, indeed, 08:00.700 --> 08:04.867 the celebration of commands so I want to talk 08:04.980 --> 08:07.380 about what it will take to fight and win 08:07.620 --> 08:09.860 in this competitive maritime environment 08:10.230 --> 08:13.330 by looking at command through the lens of unit command 08:13.800 --> 08:16.500 and then fleet command and then I'll wrap up 08:16.500 --> 08:19.300 with maybe some words about what I can do 08:19.300 --> 08:21.820 as the Chief of Naval operations to support that, 08:21.970 --> 08:25.003 what's my role, so we'll take a little bit 08:25.003 --> 08:28.659 of time just to appreciate the major element 08:28.670 --> 08:31.640 of the leader development framework, which is focused 08:31.640 --> 08:35.330 on command and it's a supporting document 08:35.330 --> 08:38.550 for the design for maintaining maritime superiority 08:38.707 --> 08:41.624 and it, which that design outlines, 08:42.872 --> 08:45.955 when it was written in 2016, a return 08:47.430 --> 08:49.970 to a competitive environment, a return 08:50.150 --> 08:54.220 to great power competition and it speaks to the imperative, 08:54.220 --> 08:58.387 the framework does, to develop leaders, 08:59.020 --> 09:02.160 especially commanders who know how to go out 09:02.160 --> 09:06.170 into that great power competition and come back winners. 09:06.760 --> 09:10.550 And I'll just highlight the goal as expressed 09:10.550 --> 09:14.410 in the framework, top leaders or commanders inspire 09:14.410 --> 09:18.577 their teams to perform at or near their theoretical limits 09:19.500 --> 09:21.670 and by making their teams stronger, 09:22.020 --> 09:25.550 they relentlessly chase best-ever performance. 09:25.730 --> 09:29.160 They study every text, they try every method, 09:29.160 --> 09:32.800 seize every moment and expend every effort 09:32.940 --> 09:34.750 to outfox their competition. 09:35.738 --> 09:38.724 They ceaselessly communicate, train, 09:38.950 --> 09:41.670 test, and challenge their teams. 09:42.016 --> 09:44.633 They are toughest on themselves. 09:44.770 --> 09:48.410 They routinely seek out feedback and are ready to be shown 09:48.410 --> 09:52.040 their errors in the interest of learning and getting better. 09:52.410 --> 09:55.640 And when they win, they are grateful. 09:55.890 --> 10:00.057 They are humble and generally spent from their efforts. 10:00.620 --> 10:04.787 By doing all these things, great leaders bring their teams 10:05.253 --> 10:08.715 to a deeply shared commitment to each other 10:08.715 --> 10:12.548 in the pursuit of victory, so we'll break down 10:12.620 --> 10:14.210 that statement just a little bit. 10:14.210 --> 10:17.910 First, there's clearly an intense focus on winning. 10:18.280 --> 10:21.490 We are not in this except to win, 10:22.080 --> 10:24.900 win in the competition that we face, 10:25.250 --> 10:28.700 and this focus for winning leaders, 10:28.700 --> 10:31.260 winning commanders nears obsession. 10:31.870 --> 10:34.600 If you think about the leaders and commanders 10:34.600 --> 10:37.740 who have been persistent, consistent winners, 10:38.260 --> 10:42.427 they are nearly obsessed; they are obsessed with victory. 10:43.193 --> 10:46.526 Today's COs must be prepared for winning 10:46.868 --> 10:50.285 in a great power competition, war at sea. 10:51.150 --> 10:54.690 They must be preparing their teams on the bridge 10:54.730 --> 10:58.897 in combat, in engineering at their guns to win in combat. 11:01.130 --> 11:03.260 And more than any readiness test, 11:03.260 --> 11:06.150 more than any outside team's exam, 11:06.260 --> 11:07.900 more than any Durer's report, 11:07.900 --> 11:11.840 more than any inspection result, they must be ready, 11:12.060 --> 11:15.200 the commander must be ready and confident 11:15.650 --> 11:18.960 to take their teams into combat against 11:18.960 --> 11:22.350 a competent and advanced enemy and win, 11:23.020 --> 11:25.200 to sail away with their crew 11:25.610 --> 11:28.060 and leave the enemy out of action, 11:28.060 --> 11:30.010 slipping beneath the waves. 11:30.920 --> 11:33.860 This is a stark test, right? 11:33.860 --> 11:36.530 If you're a commander and you don't feel that in your gut, 11:36.530 --> 11:38.930 if you don't feel little bit nervous about that, 11:39.190 --> 11:40.790 you're not thinking hard enough. 11:41.260 --> 11:43.350 It's a stark test but anything else, 11:43.350 --> 11:45.760 anything less is negligent. 11:46.610 --> 11:48.590 And I'll tell you if you've got some experience 11:48.590 --> 11:50.660 in this business, you can tell within five minutes 11:50.660 --> 11:53.880 of walking aboard whether that team 11:53.880 --> 11:57.220 is focused on that level of competition, 11:57.220 --> 11:59.900 winning in that fight, right? 11:59.900 --> 12:01.450 Those sailors are fit. 12:02.990 --> 12:05.380 You can see the good order and discipline right away, 12:05.380 --> 12:07.490 from the moment of crossing the brow. 12:07.910 --> 12:12.077 Formality and mastery seems routine on board. 12:13.689 --> 12:17.103 These sailors on that crew look you in the eye 12:17.103 --> 12:21.000 and can see in their eye that they are confident. 12:21.160 --> 12:22.670 They are proud. 12:23.410 --> 12:27.570 They are tough and they're ready to show it if needed. 12:28.130 --> 12:30.670 In short, they are well led. 12:32.310 --> 12:34.220 Second element of that goal statement 12:34.680 --> 12:36.700 talks about a deep sense of humility. 12:37.540 --> 12:40.140 Now, I'm talking about spiritual humility here 12:40.540 --> 12:44.640 but a sense of the truth that somebody else 12:44.750 --> 12:47.460 besides the commander may have the best idea 12:47.950 --> 12:52.117 and in combat, the best idea is the only thing that matters 12:53.059 --> 12:56.650 and in that regard, they are their own worst critics. 12:56.650 --> 13:00.817 They're asking people to challenge their thinking, 13:01.340 --> 13:04.480 their ideas because they know it's much better 13:04.480 --> 13:07.600 to find a weakness, much better to find a flaw 13:08.109 --> 13:10.510 in the discussion in the wardroom 13:10.510 --> 13:13.430 or with the chief's quarters or on the crew's mess 13:13.940 --> 13:17.010 and adjust before finding that flaw 13:17.030 --> 13:20.890 in combat, and combat will find that flaw. 13:22.520 --> 13:26.687 Third, these commanders have a deep devotion to their team, 13:27.060 --> 13:31.227 complete, they bring their teams into their obsession 13:31.300 --> 13:34.603 with winning, constantly communicating, 13:34.603 --> 13:38.770 constantly building them up, challenging them constantly. 13:39.770 --> 13:42.050 Let me ask another audience question. 13:42.050 --> 13:45.260 How many people in this room were members 13:45.260 --> 13:48.460 of some form of championship team, 13:48.790 --> 13:52.880 whether it's a sports team, a chess club, a glee club, 13:52.930 --> 13:56.100 whatever, at the end of the season, you were the champion? 13:56.100 --> 13:58.700 Raise your hand up high, you gotta be proud of that. 13:58.730 --> 14:02.410 Look around, that's a lot of hands, all right. 14:02.410 --> 14:05.850 That's a fair number of hands and I'll tell you what. 14:05.850 --> 14:08.640 Let me ask all those folks who had their hands up, 14:08.640 --> 14:10.280 did you work hard that season? 14:11.700 --> 14:14.040 Yeah, you're damn right you did, right? 14:14.360 --> 14:17.680 And did feel bad about that? 14:18.870 --> 14:23.037 No, not a single one, of course, you worked hard. 14:23.870 --> 14:25.530 Winning teams want to work hard. 14:25.530 --> 14:27.740 They want to be challenged, they want to be 14:27.740 --> 14:30.610 well led because those teams know 14:30.610 --> 14:34.010 what it takes to win at the highest level. 14:34.570 --> 14:38.403 Think of those best commanders, those leaders. 14:38.770 --> 14:40.630 They are always testing their team. 14:40.630 --> 14:44.600 Your best COs were constantly asking you 14:45.820 --> 14:48.260 professional development questions, weren't they? 14:48.260 --> 14:51.410 They were constantly testing you as officer of the deck, 14:51.410 --> 14:54.540 as junior officer of the deck, as the conning officer. 14:54.540 --> 14:56.540 In fact, you didn't even want to pass 14:56.540 --> 14:58.050 them in the passageway, right? 14:58.050 --> 15:00.230 Because of you weren't ready for the question, 15:00.230 --> 15:04.397 you knew it was coming, there was just hell to pay, right? 15:04.670 --> 15:07.870 You stand by for the lookups, all right. 15:08.370 --> 15:10.800 These leaders are always stretching their teams, 15:10.800 --> 15:14.910 stretching them to achieve their theoretical limits 15:15.410 --> 15:19.260 and then the team that starts, it becomes a critical mass. 15:19.440 --> 15:22.770 They start to push themselves and one another 15:23.480 --> 15:27.530 and they build toughness into themselves, 15:27.660 --> 15:30.290 toughness focused on defeating an enemy, 15:30.950 --> 15:35.110 not toughness that's focus on self, 15:35.340 --> 15:36.750 tearing each other down. 15:37.370 --> 15:39.610 They do so, they build that toughness. 15:39.610 --> 15:42.580 They build that mastery in a sustainable way 15:42.860 --> 15:45.900 so they can go in and win today's fight. 15:46.040 --> 15:48.820 They can come back and they can win tomorrow's flight 15:48.820 --> 15:50.380 and the next fight after that 'cause we 15:50.380 --> 15:52.710 are not a one-fight Navy. 15:53.750 --> 15:57.917 And, finally, through these efforts these commanders 15:59.230 --> 16:02.950 achieve a combination or a shared vision 16:03.590 --> 16:07.757 of winning it all and a shared commitment to that goal, 16:08.290 --> 16:11.390 again, nearing complete obsession, 16:12.300 --> 16:14.530 and there emerges from that effort 16:15.280 --> 16:18.500 this effort to build in a sustainable way 16:19.440 --> 16:22.010 a deep commitment to one another, 16:22.010 --> 16:25.950 a bond that could really only be described as an affection 16:27.250 --> 16:29.740 that can't be duplicated anywhere else. 16:30.166 --> 16:33.833 These teams are not interested in discussing 16:34.440 --> 16:37.270 or hovering around the pass/fall line. 16:37.630 --> 16:41.220 They are not interested in the rules-based approach 16:41.220 --> 16:44.910 to business; they are shooting ever higher 16:45.020 --> 16:47.270 towards a standard of excellence. 16:47.710 --> 16:50.760 Those of you have been part of those types of teams 16:50.950 --> 16:53.530 know exactly what I'm talking about, right? 16:53.700 --> 16:55.500 You championship winners who raised your hand, 16:55.500 --> 16:58.040 about 50% of the people in here easily, 16:58.170 --> 17:00.460 you know what it's like to be part of a team 17:00.460 --> 17:03.850 in an effort like that, it's like magic, okay, 17:06.330 --> 17:10.497 if that's the one goal, the Leader Development Framework 17:11.540 --> 17:15.580 talks about two lanes on a road to achieve that goal. 17:16.100 --> 17:19.420 Those two lanes: competence and character. 17:20.130 --> 17:23.810 I'll tell you competence in the job is the prerequisite 17:23.810 --> 17:27.977 for any credible leader; an incompetent leader is a recipe 17:28.730 --> 17:31.590 for disaster, the best they can hope to achieve 17:31.800 --> 17:35.470 is to stand by and look sincere, right? 17:35.517 --> 17:37.328 (audience chuckling) And I won't know disaster 17:37.328 --> 17:40.390 when it comes up and smacks him in the head. 17:40.390 --> 17:42.040 We've got to be competent. 17:42.480 --> 17:44.240 That credibility is established 17:44.240 --> 17:46.880 by being a master of our craft, 17:49.100 --> 17:51.540 but is also earned by enforcing standards 17:51.540 --> 17:54.100 of accountability and conduct among the team, right? 17:54.100 --> 17:56.740 Because as commanders, we're not responsible solely 17:56.740 --> 18:00.430 for ourselves, competent leaders insist 18:00.660 --> 18:04.440 on rigid adherence to basic principles 18:04.440 --> 18:05.830 like watch-standing principles 18:05.830 --> 18:07.980 and those things, they enforce those. 18:08.780 --> 18:12.300 They have mechanisms to ensure that their watch standards 18:12.300 --> 18:14.360 live up to those, that standard. 18:14.890 --> 18:17.450 They demand these standards of others 18:17.460 --> 18:20.400 and they demand them even more of themselves. 18:21.370 --> 18:24.270 and they're never satisfied with the status quo, are they? 18:24.430 --> 18:27.120 They show up each and every day 18:28.000 --> 18:30.320 trying to achieve perfection 18:31.490 --> 18:35.657 and on the way, finding excellence. 18:37.680 --> 18:40.160 Committed to lifelong learning, a hallmark 18:40.160 --> 18:42.460 of any high-performing organization. 18:42.930 --> 18:45.650 They embrace any mechanism for learning, 18:45.650 --> 18:48.720 the plan, practice, execute, 18:48.820 --> 18:51.780 and review cycle for each of their teams 18:52.120 --> 18:53.910 and we've got that going on right now, right? 18:53.910 --> 18:55.580 John Wade, I saw you coming in, where are you? 18:55.580 --> 18:57.000 - Sir. - Yeah, there you are. 18:57.000 --> 19:00.670 Your team's doing that, right, NSMWDC 19:00.670 --> 19:02.920 has been a driving force 19:03.390 --> 19:06.490 in inculcating that cycle into each 19:06.490 --> 19:10.040 of the teams and your weapon tactics instructors 19:10.040 --> 19:12.500 have really made a huge difference at sea 19:12.790 --> 19:16.770 in terms of just raising that standard of knowledge, 19:17.404 --> 19:21.571 showing people what that standard of excellence looks like 19:22.075 --> 19:25.350 and maintained a constant feedback loop. 19:25.350 --> 19:28.250 You're going out there, you have eyes on target in theater 19:28.500 --> 19:32.310 bringing that back and learning and then sending 19:32.310 --> 19:34.610 the new lesson forward, all right. 19:35.570 --> 19:39.350 These tactical experts like the Wittys 19:39.685 --> 19:43.518 and NSMWDC encourage critical self assessments 19:44.287 --> 19:47.704 and help build up teams of professionals, 19:49.280 --> 19:53.310 teams who are as introspective and self-critical 19:53.650 --> 19:56.840 as John Wade's team is, all right, 19:57.200 --> 20:00.170 because, as he said, that's how we're gonna get better. 20:01.410 --> 20:03.564 There's an equally important trait of effective commanders 20:03.564 --> 20:07.731 and that's the other lane in this road is character. 20:08.260 --> 20:11.150 Commanders of character embody those attributes 20:11.150 --> 20:15.317 of accountability, toughness, initiative, and integrity. 20:16.220 --> 20:18.560 Commanders of character are mentors 20:18.560 --> 20:20.420 but they go beyond mentors, right? 20:20.420 --> 20:22.570 They go beyond mentorship to becoming 20:22.570 --> 20:24.440 true advocates for their people, 20:24.440 --> 20:28.070 actively seeking opportunities to reach out, 20:28.070 --> 20:31.560 find ways to propel their teams forward, 20:31.560 --> 20:33.790 their individuals on those teams forward. 20:34.670 --> 20:36.540 They do so with confidence 20:36.980 --> 20:40.250 because they understand this is what establishes 20:40.250 --> 20:42.930 trust with the teammates, creates buy-in, 20:43.230 --> 20:46.581 empowers others to peer in and contribute 20:46.581 --> 20:50.748 and to illuminate the darkness of our blind spots, 20:50.900 --> 20:54.570 helps push that team to its theoretical limits. 20:56.860 --> 20:58.680 And this character also serves 20:58.680 --> 21:02.000 as the proud stewards of our Navy legacy. 21:02.924 --> 21:04.507 In 2018, we'll mark 21:06.030 --> 21:09.200 two highly related milestones. 21:09.550 --> 21:11.730 We'll commission the USS Thomas Hudner, 21:12.860 --> 21:15.660 named for the Medal of Honor recipient 21:15.660 --> 21:18.820 who just passed away last year, okay, 21:19.300 --> 21:21.650 and in that same year, even as we commission 21:21.650 --> 21:25.600 that ship, we'll probably mark the birth 21:25.715 --> 21:28.298 of her last commanding officer, 21:29.280 --> 21:32.260 it's just kinda the way it works out 21:32.260 --> 21:35.620 with lifetimes of ships, okay, 21:36.060 --> 21:38.360 and then in terms of moving down that path, 21:38.360 --> 21:41.630 that two-lane road, those two lanes of competence 21:41.630 --> 21:45.330 and character, the Navy has been solid 21:45.330 --> 21:49.497 in providing three methods, I would say, 21:49.650 --> 21:53.220 to propel ourselves forward towards that goal. 21:53.620 --> 21:57.787 First, we have a robust constellation 21:58.140 --> 22:00.140 of training and schools. 22:01.560 --> 22:04.360 Now these must be rigorous and they must be challenging. 22:04.770 --> 22:07.320 They've gotta be prototypic of the difficulty 22:07.560 --> 22:10.320 that we face, so we're working very hard 22:10.320 --> 22:13.070 to ensure that they are, and they must end 22:13.070 --> 22:15.630 with some kind of a rigorous certification 22:15.630 --> 22:19.797 or graduation event, an exam, okay, so that's one way. 22:20.740 --> 22:24.230 Second way is on-the-job training and qualification. 22:24.800 --> 22:26.950 And, again, this must have rigor. 22:27.620 --> 22:30.500 These walk-throughs and exams must be done 22:30.500 --> 22:33.030 by competent people who understand 22:33.460 --> 22:35.810 that the difference between winning and losing 22:35.810 --> 22:39.550 in combat is the thousands of small things 22:39.700 --> 22:42.340 like qualifications and PQS. 22:42.740 --> 22:45.380 That's the difference between a well-trained crew 22:45.700 --> 22:47.640 that is both tough and resilient 22:48.219 --> 22:51.469 and one that is fragile, a brittle crew 22:51.940 --> 22:54.240 that will crumble under the first test. 22:55.245 --> 22:59.078 The third way is we each control it ourselves, 22:59.490 --> 23:02.600 it's self-learning, and those top commanders, 23:02.600 --> 23:06.150 if you read back through history, read the biographies 23:06.150 --> 23:09.340 of those persistent combat winners. 23:10.370 --> 23:13.210 They don't wait around for the formal school 23:13.210 --> 23:17.377 to get started; they are insatiable readers, 23:17.600 --> 23:19.920 insatiable self learners. 23:19.960 --> 23:24.020 They've got this unquenchable thirst for knowledge. 23:24.320 --> 23:26.820 Their obsession won't allow them to wait, will it? 23:26.963 --> 23:30.463 They're just after everything they can get 23:30.579 --> 23:32.912 their hands on to figure out 23:34.518 --> 23:36.518 how to outwit the enemy. 23:37.080 --> 23:38.940 They're gonna study their opponent deeply. 23:38.940 --> 23:40.740 They're study their history. 23:41.130 --> 23:43.350 They're gonna do everything to confound 23:43.410 --> 23:46.600 and defeat the enemy, they teach themselves. 23:48.100 --> 23:50.160 So excellence achieved through competence 23:50.160 --> 23:53.080 and character is the glue that binds us together. 23:53.218 --> 23:56.220 It gives us confidence in one another 23:56.240 --> 23:59.120 and that really permits us to delegate, right? 23:59.120 --> 24:02.180 If we have competence and character, 24:02.180 --> 24:05.920 that leads to confidence and trusting COs. 24:07.164 --> 24:10.134 It allows us to trust commanding officers 24:10.134 --> 24:14.041 to take their teams and lead them over the horizon 24:14.060 --> 24:17.700 and come back with that team stronger than when they left. 24:19.073 --> 24:21.100 This idea of delegation gets me 24:21.100 --> 24:24.820 to a quick discussion of command, 24:25.270 --> 24:28.710 not just at the unit level but also at the flea level. 24:29.200 --> 24:31.530 These characteristics of effective command 24:31.530 --> 24:35.200 and leadership, they don't reside just at the unit level. 24:35.200 --> 24:38.990 They translate up, but there're some differences. 24:39.600 --> 24:42.740 They are now flea commander as a commander 24:42.930 --> 24:45.810 of commanders, okay, that's different. 24:46.400 --> 24:47.930 They have to exercise command 24:47.930 --> 24:49.840 at a distance, how do you do that? 24:51.070 --> 24:53.020 Well, you've got to spend a lot of time 24:53.220 --> 24:56.780 crafting commander's intent, commander's guidance 24:57.290 --> 25:00.600 and you got to ensure you've got enough visibility 25:00.780 --> 25:03.520 to allow that subordinate commander 25:03.520 --> 25:05.560 to exercise all of the initiative 25:05.560 --> 25:09.030 that you want to give them but still ensure 25:09.030 --> 25:11.070 that you've got sufficient visibility 25:11.070 --> 25:12.930 to make sure that standards are being met, 25:12.930 --> 25:15.810 that the teams are ready for the missions 25:15.810 --> 25:17.550 to which you are assigning them. 25:18.750 --> 25:21.340 Fleet commanders must do that by allowing 25:21.493 --> 25:24.660 the unit commanders the time to train, 25:26.220 --> 25:28.790 the room to learn and the space to operate, 25:29.090 --> 25:31.020 provide them clear boundaries 25:31.970 --> 25:34.640 and the latitude to maneuver inside those boundaries. 25:34.640 --> 25:37.410 These concepts aren't new; they're inherent 25:37.410 --> 25:39.830 in the combined warfare concept principles 25:40.170 --> 25:43.720 of delegated authority and command by negation. 25:43.850 --> 25:47.110 These principles, which make any military operation, 25:47.110 --> 25:51.190 but particularly naval operations, so effective. 25:52.040 --> 25:55.640 And in these days of the ever-increasing speed 25:55.640 --> 25:58.654 of operations, particularly the speed 25:58.654 --> 26:01.404 and proliferation of information, 26:02.266 --> 26:04.810 it demands that we keep an eye on these principles 26:04.810 --> 26:08.977 so that we maintain that focus on commanders initiative. 26:10.000 --> 26:13.720 We don't create a cadre of commanders 26:13.744 --> 26:16.327 whose first instinct is to grab 26:17.317 --> 26:20.650 the telephone and call up for permission 26:21.110 --> 26:22.660 and that goes all the way down. 26:25.690 --> 26:28.927 The fleet is the level where a unit in training 26:28.927 --> 26:31.470 becomes a unit deploying, ready to take 26:31.470 --> 26:34.570 the fight to the enemy, something we saw, 26:34.570 --> 26:37.360 I saw firsthand as I traveled around during 26:37.360 --> 26:40.880 the holidays to the seventh and fifth fleets. 26:42.910 --> 26:47.077 I'm proud to see our fleets achieving exactly that 26:48.260 --> 26:52.360 through their command and their execution 26:52.576 --> 26:55.993 of concepts like the Third Fleet Forward, 26:56.330 --> 26:58.640 distributed maritime operations, 26:58.820 --> 27:01.100 electromagnetic spectrum management, 27:01.190 --> 27:04.770 networking, all of these force multipliers, 27:05.740 --> 27:08.790 making these concepts more relevant, more real, 27:08.960 --> 27:11.140 more important and more effective today 27:11.313 --> 27:13.396 then they have ever been. 27:16.270 --> 27:18.060 So I told you I'd finish perhaps 27:18.060 --> 27:20.810 with a few thoughts on what I see as my role. 27:20.880 --> 27:22.750 What is my contribution? 27:23.150 --> 27:26.220 Let me tell you first and foremost: 27:28.443 --> 27:31.193 does our Navy have things to fix? 27:31.620 --> 27:34.690 Certainly, and we will get after that. 27:34.960 --> 27:36.540 Can we get stronger? 27:36.540 --> 27:38.930 Yes, and we will, 27:39.430 --> 27:41.600 but let me be absolutely clear. 27:42.490 --> 27:46.030 I'd rather be a sailor fighting on a DDG 27:46.300 --> 27:49.540 in the United States Navy than in any other Navy 27:49.620 --> 27:53.280 and any other surface force in the world, okay? 27:53.700 --> 27:55.970 So let me make that clear right up front. 27:58.940 --> 28:00.110 That's my applause line. 28:00.110 --> 28:02.320 I mean, come on. (audience applauding) 28:02.320 --> 28:05.279 If I can't get applause here out of that line. 28:05.279 --> 28:08.340 (audience applauding) 28:08.340 --> 28:12.272 Okay, so I know you clapped louder for Rowden. 28:12.272 --> 28:14.130 (audience laughing) 28:14.130 --> 28:17.870 Okay, so it's my job, I think, to set the conditions 28:18.100 --> 28:20.690 to empower our commanders and our leaders 28:20.870 --> 28:22.680 to achieve their full potential 28:22.780 --> 28:26.150 and I'm laser focus on knocking down obstacles 28:26.150 --> 28:29.860 that stand in your way, to set the optimal conditions 28:30.060 --> 28:33.930 for our sailors and our commanders to fight and win. 28:34.470 --> 28:37.100 This means reducing distractions, 28:37.100 --> 28:40.120 giving time back commanders to train their team. 28:40.520 --> 28:43.470 This means creating clear, effective, 28:43.470 --> 28:47.130 and simple C2 structures so commanders know 28:47.130 --> 28:50.900 exactly who they're working for and what their mission is. 28:51.520 --> 28:54.596 It means managing the supply and demand 28:54.596 --> 28:57.658 for how naval forces are sourced to meet 28:57.660 --> 29:01.190 combatant commander needs and it means communicating 29:01.190 --> 29:05.357 our progress thoroughly by informing the fleet. 29:06.956 --> 29:10.850 Now, the playing field looks fundamentally different. 29:11.100 --> 29:13.130 Fleet operations fundamentally different, 29:13.130 --> 29:17.210 combat at sea very different than when Tom Rowden 29:17.210 --> 29:21.377 and I took our oath nearly 40 years ago now, Tom, right? 29:23.700 --> 29:27.290 But winning in any competitive environment, 29:27.937 --> 29:30.770 winning at sea, command combat sea 29:32.570 --> 29:36.380 demands action and that starts with the leaders 29:36.380 --> 29:39.330 in this room and those listening around the fleet, 29:39.330 --> 29:40.710 with the commanders. 29:42.270 --> 29:45.760 Everyone has a role to play and you never know 29:45.760 --> 29:48.150 when your number's gonna be called 29:48.150 --> 29:50.940 and we have seen that played out 29:51.970 --> 29:54.840 in just recent years, and luckily, 29:55.150 --> 29:57.620 toughness is nothing new for our force. 29:57.620 --> 30:01.787 It's ingrained in our war-fighting ethos. 30:02.980 --> 30:06.810 It was ingrained last March when I visited the USS Ross, 30:06.880 --> 30:09.080 when it got underway after I left the ship 30:09.480 --> 30:12.400 and went at a head flank to their launch basket 30:12.660 --> 30:14.980 to launch cruise missiles into Syria. 30:15.550 --> 30:18.870 It was ingrained in USS Mason as they transited 30:18.870 --> 30:20.470 through the Bab el-Mandeb. 30:20.830 --> 30:24.200 It was ingrained in our six carrier strike groups 30:24.410 --> 30:28.577 deployed last year in support of defeating ISIS 30:28.650 --> 30:30.710 and safeguarding maritime security 30:30.970 --> 30:33.840 and as I talk to you tonight, it is ingrained 30:33.840 --> 30:37.760 in today's Navy with 93 ships deployed around the world 30:37.760 --> 30:41.680 right now manned by 61,000 sailors, 30:42.030 --> 30:45.280 three carrier strike groups with their embarked air wing 30:46.290 --> 30:48.890 and one ready to surge on notice, 30:49.680 --> 30:53.847 two ESGs or ARGs and another one ready to surge, 30:54.560 --> 30:57.170 six DDGs on BMD station, 30:57.170 --> 31:01.337 13 SSNs, I gotta mention them, even here. 31:02.129 --> 31:03.550 (audience laughing) 31:03.550 --> 31:06.530 Five SSBNs, who have been on alert patrol 31:06.530 --> 31:10.697 100% of the time since 1960, they are ready 31:11.610 --> 31:14.510 and they are getting more ready every day 31:15.060 --> 31:19.080 and they have their versions of past battle cries 31:19.080 --> 31:22.280 like Damn the Torpedoes, Don't Give Up the Ship 31:22.560 --> 31:24.610 and I have not yet begun to fight 31:24.830 --> 31:28.870 that rise up from their captains and their crews. 31:29.240 --> 31:30.660 So here's what I asked of you 31:30.660 --> 31:33.810 and what I promise is my part of this. 31:33.930 --> 31:36.650 Show me things that distract you from war fighting 31:36.650 --> 31:38.950 and I'll work together, we'll knock them down. 31:39.370 --> 31:42.144 Lead your team to pursue excellence every day 31:42.144 --> 31:44.477 and I'll work alongside you. 31:44.710 --> 31:48.272 Put your uniform and especially your command pin on 31:48.272 --> 31:51.593 every day, committed to making your team 31:51.660 --> 31:54.700 the best they can be, theoretical limits, 31:54.700 --> 31:56.980 because our nation is counting on you. 31:57.520 --> 31:59.610 And if we accomplish this, 32:01.340 --> 32:05.040 acting with command as our North Star, 32:05.760 --> 32:09.740 we will gather next for the SNA Symposium 32:10.220 --> 32:13.000 knowing that we have earned our place 32:13.090 --> 32:16.210 as the safest Navy in the world for our sailors, 32:16.210 --> 32:19.460 the strongest partner in the world for our friends 32:19.460 --> 32:22.850 and allies, and the most lethal Navy 32:22.870 --> 32:25.040 in the world for our enemies. 32:25.690 --> 32:28.690 Ladies and gentlemen, fellow sailors, 32:28.810 --> 32:32.340 fellow commanders, this is how we celebrate command. 32:32.710 --> 32:35.030 The stakes are high, but we wouldn't want 32:35.030 --> 32:37.270 to be sitting at any other table, would we? 32:37.390 --> 32:39.760 So let's get to it and earn our future. 32:39.810 --> 32:43.620 Thank you very much. (audience applauding) 32:53.600 --> 32:55.670 Okay, so I look forward to any questions 32:55.670 --> 32:57.960 and I think Admiral McCullough said, 32:58.573 --> 33:02.128 try and save this time for a dialogue with the crowd 33:02.170 --> 33:05.100 and we'll do a dedicated event for the media later on. 33:10.610 --> 33:13.194 Or not. (audience laughing) 33:13.194 --> 33:15.350 (chuckles) Any questions at all? 33:15.350 --> 33:17.310 They even energized these mics for you. 33:21.820 --> 33:23.460 Okay, it's clear that I'm standing 33:23.460 --> 33:25.020 between you and the reception. 33:25.424 --> 33:26.784 (audience chuckling) 33:26.784 --> 33:29.350 And I understand that's a hazardous place to be. 33:29.350 --> 33:31.860 Thank you all very much for the opportunity to, what? 33:31.860 --> 33:33.570 All right, Admiral Hogg, he's gonna-- 33:33.570 --> 33:35.330 - Time to warm up. - Dang it, man. 33:36.040 --> 33:37.140 Start with a hard one. 33:37.467 --> 33:38.617 (faint speaking) Yeah. 33:39.680 --> 33:42.160 - [James] You've been a CNO now for over a year. 33:47.014 --> 33:51.181 How have you met your expectations going into the position? 33:52.796 --> 33:54.046 - Well, I think 33:56.790 --> 33:57.920 it's complicated. 33:58.349 --> 33:59.634 (audience laughing) 33:59.640 --> 34:02.300 So the question is I've been the CNO now, 34:02.300 --> 34:04.740 over two years actually, and how 34:05.240 --> 34:07.680 has reality matched expectations. 34:07.840 --> 34:09.650 I would say in the aggregate, 34:11.300 --> 34:14.810 I am always blown away 34:15.260 --> 34:18.150 when we get out to sea and we see 34:18.150 --> 34:21.340 the talent that is resident in our people 34:21.500 --> 34:24.440 and I've done a lot of all-hands calls now, 34:24.550 --> 34:27.400 I mean, a tremendous amount, thousands and thousands 34:27.980 --> 34:30.280 and I can't think of a single time 34:30.700 --> 34:32.390 where we didn't leave those events, 34:32.390 --> 34:35.260 whether it's on the flight deck of a DDG 34:35.260 --> 34:38.660 or in the hangar deck of a carrier 34:38.690 --> 34:42.857 or a room like this that holds a lot of people, 34:43.610 --> 34:45.570 and whether it's a small crowd 34:45.570 --> 34:49.050 or a huge crowd, the talent 34:49.600 --> 34:51.740 and the astuteness, 34:55.290 --> 34:59.400 the respect, the enthusiasm 34:59.650 --> 35:01.490 of our sailors 35:02.770 --> 35:06.500 continues to exceed every expectation 35:06.500 --> 35:08.240 that I could ever have, and those 35:08.240 --> 35:09.830 are pretty high expectations, Admiral, 35:09.830 --> 35:11.520 so that would be the one thing 35:11.830 --> 35:14.310 that gives me great hope for our future. 35:17.010 --> 35:19.110 - [Man] Thank you, I think that the reason 35:19.188 --> 35:21.070 there've been no questions is that, 35:21.070 --> 35:25.222 quite frankly, your talk was one 35:25.222 --> 35:27.055 that was so compelling 35:29.340 --> 35:30.940 that we're still thinking about it. 35:30.940 --> 35:32.230 - (chuckles) Yeah, all right. (audience laughing) 35:32.230 --> 35:34.040 See, very polite (laughs). 35:36.244 --> 35:39.411 - I never heard a CNO and my first CNO 35:41.217 --> 35:42.800 when I came in the Navy 35:42.800 --> 35:46.250 who I was really aware of was Admiral Burke, 35:48.390 --> 35:50.100 who gave a talk on leadership 35:51.403 --> 35:52.736 the way you did. 35:53.980 --> 35:55.730 In fact, I have half a dozen things 35:55.800 --> 35:57.410 I'm thinking about just because of the way 35:57.410 --> 36:00.719 you've brought them up, and I would hope 36:00.719 --> 36:04.886 that there are a whole lot of leaders in this room, 36:04.910 --> 36:06.780 that each of you will have at least one good question 36:06.780 --> 36:09.700 for our CNO. (audience laughing) 36:10.730 --> 36:13.230 - Since you mention Admiral Burke, and I never, 36:13.460 --> 36:17.627 on my very best day, hope to achieve anything 36:17.830 --> 36:20.140 close to Admiral Burke, but he does have this 36:20.330 --> 36:24.497 one great observation that, and you may have heard of this. 36:25.070 --> 36:27.270 What's the difference between a good naval officer 36:27.270 --> 36:28.390 and a great naval officer? 36:28.390 --> 36:30.005 - 10 seconds. - 10 seconds. 36:30.005 --> 36:32.840 Who said six? (audience laughing) 36:32.840 --> 36:35.840 Over achiever (chuckles). (audience laughing) 36:35.840 --> 36:37.917 Yeah, 10 seconds, right? 36:37.917 --> 36:39.790 We need to bring of our naval, 36:39.790 --> 36:43.550 all of our teams into that 10-second realm, don't we? 36:44.300 --> 36:48.300 That is not much margin for victory, okay, razor thin. 36:49.840 --> 36:51.840 How you doing? - Good, ow are you, sir? 36:52.374 --> 36:54.860 (audience laughing) (Rick chuckles) 36:54.860 --> 36:57.780 - I'm okay. (audience laughing) 36:57.780 --> 37:00.230 - First, thank you very much for that great talk. 37:01.384 --> 37:03.040 Lieutenant Junior Grade Rick Capparaelli, 37:03.040 --> 37:07.207 navigator, USS Champion, other than Rules of the Road 37:07.439 --> 37:10.095 and Neptune's Inferno, what books would you recommend 37:10.130 --> 37:11.380 for the SPOs in the room? 37:11.967 --> 37:15.396 - Oh, well, I actually have a reading list. 37:15.396 --> 37:19.563 (audience laughing and applauding) 37:26.712 --> 37:30.879 It's www dot-- (audience laughing) 37:31.490 --> 37:33.350 - [Rick] Personally speaking, what would you say 37:33.350 --> 37:34.420 you recommend-- - I'll tell you what 37:34.420 --> 37:37.470 I'm reading lately, it's not on the list right now, okay. 37:40.130 --> 37:44.297 And I think it has a lot, it bears a tremendous amount. 37:44.730 --> 37:47.710 It speaks to the future of our business 37:48.360 --> 37:51.350 so two books that actually go together 37:51.350 --> 37:54.460 as kind of nice companion volumes 37:54.800 --> 37:57.290 and they're future looking and they are not nautical, right? 37:57.290 --> 38:01.200 But one is Machine Platform Crowd 38:02.751 --> 38:06.084 and it's a follow-on by the same author, 38:06.900 --> 38:10.320 it's the sequel, I guess, to a book 38:10.320 --> 38:12.570 called The Second Machine Age, which talks 38:12.570 --> 38:15.300 about this new age that we're going into that is enabled 38:15.300 --> 38:18.280 by artificial intelligence, that is enabled 38:18.280 --> 38:21.550 by learning algorithms, learning machines, 38:21.710 --> 38:24.560 autonomy and those sorts of things 38:24.560 --> 38:27.260 that are really upon us now, right? 38:27.920 --> 38:32.087 And the other book that I was delighted by 38:32.880 --> 38:35.390 was a book called Humility Is the New Smart 38:36.380 --> 38:39.600 and so I'd encourage you maybe take a look at those. 38:39.950 --> 38:40.820 - Thank you, sir. - All right. 38:40.820 --> 38:42.970 That's coming into a reading list near you. 38:43.340 --> 38:46.340 (audience laughing) 38:49.730 --> 38:51.610 - Sir. - Good afternoon, Admiral. 38:52.930 --> 38:55.030 My name is Stan Weeks, my question, 38:55.090 --> 38:57.590 last month, about three and half weeks ago, 38:57.590 --> 38:59.970 a new national security strategy came out 38:59.970 --> 39:01.630 of the White House, presumably, 39:01.630 --> 39:04.750 a new national military strategy will be forthcoming 39:04.750 --> 39:08.917 for too long from Secretary and joint staff. 39:10.300 --> 39:14.467 How do you see this affecting the Navy's maritime strategy 39:14.810 --> 39:16.780 or are we already on target? - Yeah. 39:16.780 --> 39:19.330 - Are you looking at updates and just based 39:19.330 --> 39:20.920 on your own ownership of it. 39:20.920 --> 39:23.400 - All right, well, I'll tell you that as I read 39:23.400 --> 39:25.950 the national security strategy, 39:26.740 --> 39:29.510 first, I think it outlines our security environment 39:29.560 --> 39:32.920 very accurately and part of that 39:33.160 --> 39:37.210 is that there are awful lot of responsibilities 39:37.210 --> 39:40.740 for us as maritime forces, as naval forces 39:41.000 --> 39:44.060 in the next 20 to 25 years in this 39:44.060 --> 39:47.320 emerging security environment and so for a lot 39:47.320 --> 39:49.870 of the reasons that are discussed in that strategy, 39:49.980 --> 39:54.147 I think the national defense strategy to follow, 39:54.980 --> 39:58.660 there'll be a military strategy and a maritime strategy 39:59.130 --> 40:00.920 so we'll have a chance to tease that out 40:00.920 --> 40:02.990 in more detail in each one of those. 40:03.830 --> 40:05.620 I think that there's an awful lot for us 40:05.620 --> 40:08.080 to think about, a lot of responsibilities 40:08.327 --> 40:11.508 for us to execute, again, kind of butterflies 40:11.510 --> 40:14.990 in your stomach level of responsibilities. 40:15.557 --> 40:17.557 - Thank you, sir. - Yeah. 40:20.140 --> 40:21.290 - Right over here, no, that's you. 40:21.290 --> 40:23.160 - I thought he had a question. - No, no, you. 40:23.160 --> 40:26.770 - Yes, sir (laughs). (audience laughing) 40:27.060 --> 40:29.810 Good evening, sir, my question is 40:31.570 --> 40:35.737 in the context of those of us that wanna be in command, 40:35.890 --> 40:37.590 those that have been in command, 40:39.129 --> 40:41.296 the gap in the age groups, 40:42.720 --> 40:46.440 you have the millennials, you have all the other way 40:46.440 --> 40:49.290 it's broken up, and even for those 40:49.290 --> 40:51.507 that have been in command and thought 40:51.540 --> 40:54.040 they had it figured it out but they really didn't, 40:54.150 --> 40:57.690 what's the advice or thoughts on how 40:57.690 --> 41:00.820 to bridge the gap between all those different age groups, 41:00.900 --> 41:04.810 different levels of technological backgrounds 41:05.100 --> 41:09.267 and bringing all that together for the unit, for the team. 41:09.560 --> 41:11.970 - Okay, so I'll answer by, I suppose, 41:11.970 --> 41:14.950 starting with first principles, and if, 41:15.490 --> 41:17.900 my experience, and this backed up by a little bit 41:17.900 --> 41:21.867 of research, that is if I put all those groups 41:21.867 --> 41:25.617 that you would to define into separate rooms, 41:26.680 --> 41:28.470 and I asked them, hey, I'll tell you what. 41:28.470 --> 41:32.600 Just please write down for me your top 20 values, 41:32.600 --> 41:34.160 the things that you value, 41:36.230 --> 41:40.397 and then I took all of those lists and compared them, 41:41.139 --> 41:44.440 there'd be almost 100% overlap, okay, 41:44.440 --> 41:46.160 and that's been shown to be true. 41:46.960 --> 41:51.127 So my first order answer is 41:51.920 --> 41:54.650 there's a lot more that we share in common 41:55.380 --> 41:57.500 than there is things that divide us. 41:57.500 --> 42:00.340 In fact, almost all of the important things 42:00.650 --> 42:03.230 we share in common, and there's a reason 42:03.750 --> 42:06.640 that we're all here in uniform on those ships 42:07.530 --> 42:10.140 instead of anywhere else that we could've been. 42:10.140 --> 42:13.280 I mean today's Navy is as talented as it's ever been 42:13.782 --> 42:15.720 by any measure of performance. 42:15.720 --> 42:19.440 Our sailors can write their own check 42:19.440 --> 42:21.690 when they get out of school or when they finish 42:21.690 --> 42:24.270 their enlistment, and they come and they raise 42:24.270 --> 42:26.830 their right hand and they take an oath 42:27.100 --> 42:30.230 and that oath binds us together much stronger 42:30.660 --> 42:34.142 than any kind of facility with the cellphone 42:34.142 --> 42:37.309 or whatever would hope to separate us, 42:37.710 --> 42:41.180 in those other things, we just have to make sure 42:41.180 --> 42:43.240 we're all listening, don't we, right? 42:43.240 --> 42:44.073 - Yes, sir. - I mean there's things 42:44.073 --> 42:47.727 to be learned certainly and be open to those things 42:47.727 --> 42:50.810 that we have to learn, all commanders 42:51.280 --> 42:54.540 and junior officers, sailors, 42:56.140 --> 42:58.220 but let's first and foremost 42:59.200 --> 43:02.480 be confident that we are bound together 43:02.490 --> 43:05.330 by an oath that we all took that outlines 43:05.330 --> 43:08.940 a set of principles that places great demands 43:08.940 --> 43:12.490 on us and fuses us together 43:12.780 --> 43:14.880 much more than anything can tear us apart. 43:16.030 --> 43:17.980 - Thank you, sir. - Yeah, yeah. 43:18.035 --> 43:20.668 - Good afternoon, Midshipman First Class Bohannan. 43:20.710 --> 43:23.490 My question is as you traveled around over the holidays, 43:23.490 --> 43:25.940 is there a specific attribute or quality 43:26.210 --> 43:29.330 that when you see it in a young first tour officer 43:29.330 --> 43:32.190 that you can tell that they can have it figured out 43:32.300 --> 43:35.760 and they're on the right path or if you don't see it, 43:35.760 --> 43:37.820 then maybe they need to figure that out? 43:37.820 --> 43:41.140 - Yeah, I mean, you teed it right up in your question 43:41.140 --> 43:43.440 so it's kind of a softball so I'll just smack 43:43.440 --> 43:45.320 it out of the park, if you don't mind. 43:45.384 --> 43:48.384 (audience laughing) 43:48.900 --> 43:51.320 The junior officers that are on the right path 43:51.320 --> 43:54.520 realize they don't have it all figured out, right? 43:54.931 --> 43:58.379 But I'll tell you what, they're not afraid to try stuff. 43:58.500 --> 44:00.270 Okay, they're eager to get in. 44:00.270 --> 44:01.970 How do you become a better writer? 44:02.440 --> 44:03.470 - Keep writing. - You're right. 44:03.470 --> 44:05.130 How do you become a better tennis player? 44:05.130 --> 44:06.880 - Keep playing. - You play tennis. 44:06.880 --> 44:10.330 - How do you become a better officer of the deck? 44:11.370 --> 44:13.650 - Keep learning. - You stay and watch, right? 44:13.650 --> 44:15.990 How do you become a better decision-maker? 44:16.800 --> 44:18.330 You make a lot of decisions. 44:18.570 --> 44:22.096 Our Navy is, it's built in to our system 44:22.096 --> 44:25.328 to allow you to go out and make all those decisions 44:25.450 --> 44:27.810 and if you're a junior, we're gonna have somebody 44:27.810 --> 44:30.600 right over your shoulder to say, not that one. 44:30.930 --> 44:33.480 Stop right there (chuckles). (audience laughing) 44:33.480 --> 44:36.150 And you're gonna do this trial and error 44:36.150 --> 44:38.300 and over time, you're gonna get better and better 44:38.300 --> 44:41.530 and better and better, but you're only gonna do that 44:41.530 --> 44:44.620 if you engage, if you decide, if you learn. 44:44.640 --> 44:46.910 You gotta go out and do it, right? 44:46.910 --> 44:49.020 The system is built to protect you 44:49.360 --> 44:52.530 and protect the ship and the crew, right? 44:53.040 --> 44:55.340 So go out there and engage, realize 44:55.610 --> 44:58.730 there's so much to learn, you don't have it 44:58.730 --> 45:00.700 all figured out, but, boy, I'll tell you 45:00.700 --> 45:03.360 it's a lot of fun giving it a shot, okay? 45:03.600 --> 45:07.767 - Thank you, sir. - All right, yeah. 45:08.220 --> 45:10.770 - [Man] Captain (mumbles) the French Naval Attache. 45:11.000 --> 45:14.590 Thank you very much, sir, for your brief, and I fully agree 45:14.590 --> 45:17.290 with everything you said about leadership and command. 45:17.710 --> 45:21.877 My question is about artificial intelligence. 45:22.260 --> 45:24.880 Since our navies, and especially the U.S. Navy 45:24.880 --> 45:28.400 become more and more advanced from a technological point 45:28.400 --> 45:31.990 of view, and we see more and more smart systems, 45:32.200 --> 45:35.579 so how a modern commander 45:35.579 --> 45:38.996 should deal with artificial intelligence? 45:40.630 --> 45:44.030 - Yeah, well, it's an emerging question 45:44.030 --> 45:46.680 and I wish I had all those answers, but I'll tell you 45:46.720 --> 45:48.900 it's one that we've got to confront 45:49.170 --> 45:53.337 with a sense of urgency so even since I've been CNO, 45:53.690 --> 45:56.560 this has moved forward in dramatic ways. 45:56.750 --> 46:00.400 So when I started, we used to talk about 46:01.707 --> 46:04.660 it was Deep Blue, the artificial intelligence agent 46:04.660 --> 46:07.880 that beat Garry Kasparov, and then we 46:07.880 --> 46:10.470 would talk about AlphaGo who beat 46:10.800 --> 46:14.710 the Go player Lee Sedol, world champion 46:16.360 --> 46:18.530 on a game that's orders of magnitude more complex 46:18.530 --> 46:20.690 than chess, now, I'm reading 46:20.937 --> 46:23.970 about an artificial intelligence out of Carnegie Mellon 46:23.970 --> 46:26.410 that beats the world's experts 46:26.410 --> 46:30.270 in No Limit Texas Hold 'Em, right? 46:30.570 --> 46:32.640 And so this is a much more complex game, 46:32.640 --> 46:35.700 lots more incomplete information scenarios, 46:36.720 --> 46:38.740 the possibility that a player could be bluffing, 46:38.740 --> 46:41.300 et cetera, et cetera, it's much more sophisticated. 46:41.660 --> 46:43.980 So this is moving very, very fast 46:44.140 --> 46:47.120 and we've got to figure it out, we've got to confront it. 46:48.020 --> 46:50.070 In these two books that I recommended, 46:50.330 --> 46:53.570 one of the hypotheses of those books is that the things 46:53.650 --> 46:56.150 that used to define us as experts, 46:56.420 --> 46:59.640 and in many ways, upon which our, 47:00.810 --> 47:03.800 I guess our bona fides as leaders is founded 47:04.130 --> 47:07.380 will soon be done better by machines, in fact, maybe now. 47:08.150 --> 47:11.160 And so what is that unique contribution 47:11.160 --> 47:13.820 that a leader, a commander can make in the future 47:13.960 --> 47:17.110 to put together a winning team of all 47:17.110 --> 47:18.820 of the technology that's emerging 47:18.850 --> 47:22.320 and their people to be able to outfox, 47:22.320 --> 47:25.390 outsmart a competitor who's doing the same thing? 47:25.460 --> 47:27.800 So this is a question that we're addressing 47:27.800 --> 47:31.290 with a lot of urgency, I think you start with those things 47:31.290 --> 47:34.400 that you know and you proceed carefully 47:34.831 --> 47:38.998 because this is something that, this is very powerful. 47:39.170 --> 47:42.890 I'll tell you what, every time I talk to Admiral Prazuck 47:43.000 --> 47:45.170 in the French Navy, my counterpart, 47:47.350 --> 47:49.010 we're right shoulder to shoulder. 47:49.080 --> 47:51.190 We're steaming together addressing 47:51.190 --> 47:55.357 these very advanced concepts, just a wonderful partner navy. 47:57.490 --> 47:59.660 Thanks, okay, all right. 48:01.970 --> 48:04.560 - CNO Morgan Ames, retired SWO. 48:05.210 --> 48:09.377 Question, for decades here at the SNA Symposium, 48:10.740 --> 48:14.000 one of our own, Rear Admiral Chuck Horne 48:14.380 --> 48:16.900 would get up and ask the question 48:16.900 --> 48:21.067 about what's being done to educate 48:21.450 --> 48:25.617 and train our sailors and officer cadres 48:26.670 --> 48:30.530 on mine warfare and I think we've got 48:30.530 --> 48:34.090 a good handle on that at this point in time. 48:34.090 --> 48:35.350 There's always more to be done. 48:35.350 --> 48:37.400 - Sure. - The current issue 48:37.400 --> 48:41.567 of Proceedings Magazine focuses heavily on cyber warfare 48:43.410 --> 48:45.730 and my question is-- 48:46.024 --> 48:49.356 - My current Proceedings has surface warfare on the cover. 48:49.356 --> 48:51.064 (audience and Morgan chuckling) 48:51.310 --> 48:55.477 Admiral Rowden's signature article in there, anyway. 48:55.530 --> 48:58.410 - Well, the question is (audience chuckling) 48:58.410 --> 49:00.410 we all know that the Naval Academy 49:00.410 --> 49:04.250 has strong cyber warfare program going on. 49:04.250 --> 49:06.900 Many of our midshipmen could address that 49:06.900 --> 49:09.830 who are here today, but what's being done 49:09.830 --> 49:11.330 at the deck plates level 49:12.660 --> 49:14.990 for all the communities 49:15.410 --> 49:18.310 other than the information dominance community? 49:18.310 --> 49:22.477 And I noticed that we really don't have an IDC panel 49:23.470 --> 49:27.080 or somebody to address information warfare, 49:27.080 --> 49:30.510 information operations, soft kill, et cetera, 49:31.570 --> 49:34.350 in the symposium. - Right, I'll tell you what. 49:35.350 --> 49:37.940 I think that if you were to go out 49:38.290 --> 49:42.240 and observe COMPTUEX right now, 49:43.360 --> 49:45.560 the graduation exercise for the strike group 49:46.020 --> 49:48.780 or if you were, in fact, I had the privilege 49:48.780 --> 49:52.560 really visiting the Theodore Roosevelt Strike Group 49:52.560 --> 49:55.170 and I was on the Roosevelt we had a great discussion 49:55.410 --> 49:58.110 of how they worked up, went through COMPTUEX 49:58.110 --> 50:01.930 and then did this, basically, a fight to Hawaii. 50:02.700 --> 50:06.650 The degree to which cyber and information warfare 50:06.840 --> 50:09.230 is completely ingrained in that, 50:09.540 --> 50:12.460 I think would stun you, okay, stun you, 50:12.610 --> 50:16.777 and if I told you in this venue, 50:17.070 --> 50:18.440 I'd have to kill you. (audience laughing) 50:18.440 --> 50:22.607 But it's getting more and more every single day 50:23.700 --> 50:25.500 ingrained in the way we do business. 50:25.590 --> 50:28.100 - Good to hear. - Yeah, thanks, sir? 50:29.140 --> 50:31.170 - Ted Kaye, I'm with SAERS, and this question 50:31.170 --> 50:33.330 has to do with engagement capacity. 50:33.620 --> 50:37.400 In the future and in the present, we have a capacity 50:37.400 --> 50:39.510 to field ships and they can do their missions 50:39.510 --> 50:43.390 and meet various threats, adversaries. 50:44.191 --> 50:47.677 And in the future, we have probably another level 50:47.790 --> 50:51.810 of engagement capacity, given our present training 50:51.810 --> 50:54.320 and readiness and our ability to project power, 50:54.433 --> 50:58.600 how do you forecast our engagement capacity over time? 50:59.430 --> 51:02.180 Not only with just new weapon systems 51:02.180 --> 51:04.380 and ability to communicate, but with people? 51:05.160 --> 51:08.710 - Well, I'll tell you I'm not sure I understand 51:09.230 --> 51:11.820 in enough detail what engagement capacity 51:11.820 --> 51:13.870 means when you say that, 51:14.570 --> 51:18.737 but we've done some serious work 51:19.150 --> 51:21.130 and others have done some serious work 51:21.130 --> 51:24.100 inside and outside the Navy to talk about, 51:24.100 --> 51:27.170 I think, what is the level 51:27.350 --> 51:29.600 or the amount of naval power 51:30.422 --> 51:33.255 that is required for the U.S. Navy 51:34.080 --> 51:36.310 to meet its responsibilities to the nation. 51:36.710 --> 51:39.330 And there's a lot of ways to express naval power. 51:39.330 --> 51:41.300 In fact, I guess, even more accurately, 51:41.300 --> 51:43.500 there are a lot of components to naval power 51:44.000 --> 51:46.600 and so part of that, I would say, is capacity, 51:46.790 --> 51:50.320 more platforms and we can have a rich discussion 51:50.320 --> 51:52.590 about what defines a platform these days 51:53.030 --> 51:56.630 but particularly when you think about perhaps 51:56.630 --> 51:59.040 the unique attributes of a Navy, 51:59.220 --> 52:03.350 you've got to be there to provide credible options 52:03.350 --> 52:07.280 for decision makers or you've got to be close enough 52:07.500 --> 52:09.750 to respond in a relevant timeframe 52:10.300 --> 52:14.130 and so that leads to kind of enough platforms 52:14.130 --> 52:17.450 to be there, okay, so you build more platforms, 52:17.450 --> 52:21.081 you get more naval power, but we've also got 52:21.081 --> 52:24.998 to be mindful that if I modernize each platform 52:25.990 --> 52:28.530 with modern systems, new systems, 52:28.530 --> 52:30.440 and there are some terrific ones, 52:30.740 --> 52:33.340 we've hinted at some of those even tonight, 52:34.360 --> 52:36.060 well, then each one of those platforms 52:36.060 --> 52:38.950 becomes more powerful and that also is a component 52:38.950 --> 52:43.117 for increasing naval power, and then on top of that, 52:43.910 --> 52:47.250 history is replete with examples 52:47.250 --> 52:51.417 of how networking things together in a clever way 52:51.470 --> 52:55.637 or an adaptive way increases naval power even still. 52:57.000 --> 53:00.940 And then, finally, I would come to the component 53:01.720 --> 53:04.820 that you talk about, which is our sailors 53:05.320 --> 53:09.280 and how we recruit and train and retain 53:09.850 --> 53:14.017 the proper talent and generate those skills 53:14.805 --> 53:17.555 to fight that Navy with increased 53:17.880 --> 53:21.320 and redefined platforms with increased 53:21.770 --> 53:24.850 technical systems to manage the data 53:24.850 --> 53:26.810 that's gonna come from that networking. 53:27.010 --> 53:31.080 That's gonna take a new approach to training and education. 53:31.500 --> 53:34.570 And so this is how we're approaching naval power 53:34.639 --> 53:38.806 and we're ready to go as fast as the nation will let us. 53:40.490 --> 53:43.180 - One follow-up is the comments 53:43.180 --> 53:45.200 about we're stretched thin, 53:45.820 --> 53:49.987 yet our adversaries continue to push our need 53:50.720 --> 53:53.392 to respond in whatever form. - Right. 53:53.392 --> 53:55.080 Well, I think if you look back through history, 53:55.080 --> 53:58.870 again, not a unique situation, in fact, 54:00.200 --> 54:04.291 one of the greatest learning-under-fire sequences 54:04.291 --> 54:08.202 of events is the Solomon Islands campaign, right? 54:08.310 --> 54:10.570 And that campaign in the Pacific, 54:11.470 --> 54:14.300 none of those commanders, Nimitz, 54:15.900 --> 54:17.500 Halsey, every one of them 54:18.150 --> 54:20.370 wanted more stuff (chuckles) right? 54:20.560 --> 54:23.010 And at the end, you just, you get what you get 54:23.010 --> 54:26.810 and we're gonna fight; we're gonna fight with that stuff. 54:26.894 --> 54:29.144 Now, it's up to commanders, 54:31.720 --> 54:33.770 senior commanders, up to me, 54:33.970 --> 54:38.137 to make sure that as we exercise 54:38.550 --> 54:41.130 our engagement, that we do so 54:41.130 --> 54:44.050 in a way that is in the main sustainable 54:45.210 --> 54:48.870 and so we don't drive our platforms into, 54:49.430 --> 54:53.040 down to bare metal by not doing the maintenance, 54:53.230 --> 54:55.300 that we don't drive our people into the stops 54:55.300 --> 54:59.090 by OPTEMPOs that are unsustainable and so finding 54:59.090 --> 55:02.050 that supply base, sustainable level of force 55:02.050 --> 55:04.490 offering engagement capacity maybe 55:04.930 --> 55:07.180 is something that we've got to define. 55:07.490 --> 55:10.670 We offer that up, the world gets a vote. 55:10.670 --> 55:13.690 We can surge from that, if needed, 55:13.820 --> 55:15.880 but we have to realize that we do so 55:16.140 --> 55:18.010 and we have to recover from that surge as well 55:18.010 --> 55:20.493 so it's finding and achieving 55:20.493 --> 55:23.370 that level of sustainability, okay? 55:23.370 --> 55:25.000 - Thank you, Admiral. - All right, thanks, yeah. 55:25.150 --> 55:25.983 Sir? 55:26.740 --> 55:29.330 - Admiral, Pete Morford, Afloat Training Group, Atlantic. 55:29.330 --> 55:30.760 I don't know if you coordinated your remarks 55:30.760 --> 55:32.850 with Admiral Rowden, but I was very pleased to hear 55:32.850 --> 55:35.672 you both speak about the aspect of humility in-- 55:35.672 --> 55:38.170 - I have never met this man before in my life. 55:38.170 --> 55:39.390 (audience laughing) - (chuckles) I wasn't sure. 55:39.720 --> 55:41.420 So much my question is just how do you 55:41.420 --> 55:44.680 go about promoting humility at all levels of leadership 55:45.061 --> 55:49.228 and the corollary, of course, how do you combat hubris-- 55:49.400 --> 55:53.140 - Right, well, I think maybe in the most powerful, 55:53.140 --> 55:55.040 certainly we want to talk about it, 55:55.596 --> 55:58.130 and there are some great things I offer this, 55:58.130 --> 56:02.270 a couple of things to read, but I would hope 56:02.270 --> 56:05.210 that as this thing, it will only really start 56:05.210 --> 56:07.610 to spread through the power of example 56:07.679 --> 56:09.346 and so I mean I hope 56:11.600 --> 56:15.010 I try to demonstrate that 56:15.230 --> 56:19.397 and through each of us 56:19.800 --> 56:22.110 kind of thinking about that as we go in, 56:22.110 --> 56:23.960 doing our very best to demonstrate it, 56:23.960 --> 56:26.330 I think that'll help it spread more 56:26.330 --> 56:28.320 than anything we can read or say. 56:28.974 --> 56:30.380 (faint speaking) Okay, thanks, yeah. 56:30.847 --> 56:33.250 All right, maybe last question, is that the, okay. 56:33.250 --> 56:35.341 Okay, make it a good one here. 56:35.341 --> 56:36.458 (audience laughing) - Good afternoon, Admiral. 56:36.458 --> 56:37.880 (faint speaking) Thank you very much for coming 56:37.880 --> 56:39.430 to share your thoughts with us. 56:39.900 --> 56:42.010 I've noticed that our potential adversaries seem 56:42.010 --> 56:43.960 to spent a lot of time and expend effort 56:43.960 --> 56:47.130 to study our history and our intellectual heritage. 56:47.280 --> 56:49.150 I wanted to ask and you kind of addressed this 56:49.150 --> 56:51.250 with your point about the Solomon Islands, 56:51.400 --> 56:54.070 but what lessons and precedents from our own history 56:54.070 --> 56:56.580 would you choose to highlight to guide us? 56:59.350 --> 57:02.870 - Where do you begin? (audience laughing) 57:02.870 --> 57:04.140 - [Man] You asked for a hard question, sir. 57:04.140 --> 57:08.307 - Yeah. (audience laughs and applauds) 57:13.146 --> 57:15.151 Well, I guess I stand humbled, don't I? 57:15.151 --> 57:17.226 (audience laughing) 57:17.226 --> 57:19.476 (chuckles) 57:19.850 --> 57:24.017 All right, I'll tell you what, I mean read 57:24.900 --> 57:28.450 any of the, that's numbered, mentioned a couple of times, 57:28.450 --> 57:30.920 any kind of history, pick up naval history. 57:30.920 --> 57:34.720 World War II is a great rich history 57:35.350 --> 57:37.110 because it was the last time we were 57:37.110 --> 57:39.610 in major blue water combat, right? 57:39.610 --> 57:42.370 So lots of great lessons and I would say 57:42.370 --> 57:45.740 read well-written history, right? 57:45.830 --> 57:47.500 These histories that are kind of replete 57:47.500 --> 57:50.510 with armchair quarterbacking and 20/20 hindsight, 57:50.890 --> 57:53.030 they don't really put you in the situation 57:53.030 --> 57:55.130 as much is a well-written history would do 57:55.500 --> 57:59.120 and so there are a number of terrific naval historians. 57:59.120 --> 58:02.060 Hornfischer, Toll, those guys, just pick up 58:02.060 --> 58:04.360 any book by those folks and start reading. 58:04.750 --> 58:07.170 You'll read Six Frigates and you realize 58:07.170 --> 58:09.460 that almost nothing has changed (laughs). 58:10.543 --> 58:12.896 (audience laughing) So much more is common 58:12.960 --> 58:15.180 fighting for the funding for those six frigates, 58:15.180 --> 58:17.430 you know, come on, I just wanna build the Constitution, 58:17.430 --> 58:18.540 for crying out loud. (audience laughing) 58:18.540 --> 58:22.707 And so all of those things, it's eye-opening 58:24.200 --> 58:27.810 and it goes to validate that yarn 58:27.810 --> 58:31.290 that if you want a new idea, read an old book, all right? 58:31.290 --> 58:33.357 Thanks very much, all right, thank you all. 58:33.357 --> 58:36.524 (audience applauding) 58:38.382 --> 58:42.132 (applause drowns out voices) 58:44.404 --> 58:46.237 Yeah, okay, all right. 58:47.722 --> 58:50.555 (faint speaking) 58:51.410 --> 58:53.120 - Thanks, CNO, that was terrific. 58:54.020 --> 58:57.350 That concludes the prepared program for this evening. 58:57.350 --> 58:59.980 There'll be a reception in the display area 59:00.010 --> 59:03.433 that starts at 1715 and Congressman Wittman 59:03.433 --> 59:04.824 will be here at 08.