WEBVTT 00:06.470 --> 00:09.660 Was working as Undersecretary for arms control international 00:09.660 --> 00:14.930 security in march 2014 as Undersecretary. She oversees that apartments 00:14.930 --> 00:18.490 bureaus that handle foreign mama Terry cells and financing arms 00:18.490 --> 00:22.350 control and nonproliferation and she buys it be on the secretary 00:22.380 --> 00:26.170 on all these issues. She served as acting Undersecretary before 00:26.170 --> 00:28.090 that since february 2000 twelve. 00:28.650 --> 00:31.810 And while acting she also served as assistant secretary for arms 00:31.810 --> 00:34.940 control their fake verification income financed a position. 00:34.940 --> 00:38.780 She was appointed to in april 2009 under sector. I got a Maher 00:38.780 --> 00:41.900 was the chief us negotiator for the new start treaty which entered 00:41.900 --> 00:44.160 into force in february 2000 all oven. 00:44.850 --> 00:48.190 And she served another senior positions in us government uncrewed 00:48.190 --> 00:52.110 being fiennes seat and dearly she work outside the garment in 00:52.140 --> 00:54.880 the Carnegie endowment for international peace the international 00:54.880 --> 00:57.290 institute for strategic studies and renowned. 00:57.850 --> 01:00.920 As Undersecretary Sherman put it yesterday rose gotta dollars 01:00.920 --> 01:03.630 naps lee genius in this field and they'd like to add a great 01:03.630 --> 01:06.980 role model for young people in national security. So that that 01:07.010 --> 01:08.860 have like invite under sector got more. Out. 01:18.900 --> 01:23.640 He was really great to be here today and it's so wonderful I'm 01:23.640 --> 01:26.790 not only to see some many friends and colleagues but also to 01:26.790 --> 01:29.980 well welcome Alexander command to washington for this occasion. 01:29.980 --> 01:32.770 I'm so glad that you were able to join us and it's it's great 01:32.770 --> 01:33.480 to heavy here. 01:34.100 --> 01:35.310 Um it's so. 01:35.870 --> 01:38.800 And not so long ago that we were meeting in your office Indiana. 01:38.800 --> 01:40.540 So it's it's great to see you here. 01:41.240 --> 01:44.370 Of more upside mashed to turn off of that's probably all right. 01:44.370 --> 01:47.310 It's kind of of and frankly it's been nerve racking to see my 01:47.310 --> 01:48.260 picture of tear. 01:48.800 --> 01:49.610 I get it back. 01:51.030 --> 01:52.190 Foreign loosely that. 01:52.760 --> 01:53.510 That that uh. 01:54.290 --> 01:58.350 Um actually a one or two point to that picture to make the case 01:58.350 --> 02:01.260 that for all of you for already working care in government you 02:01.260 --> 02:05.450 realize that any accomplishment is of was all the teamwork and 02:05.450 --> 02:10.030 that picture had me in it but it also had a big team of people 02:10.070 --> 02:13.010 who were involved in the go see should not that new start treaty. 02:13.010 --> 02:18.440 So I won the just start out by saying I'm very brief plate that uh. 02:18.440 --> 02:22.480 I appreciate the teen market. I see every day here in the department 02:22.480 --> 02:26.620 state him um the T family as we call up the arms control bureau 02:26.760 --> 02:29.790 eyes salmon on fluff ration bureau and the bureau of political 02:29.790 --> 02:34.120 military affairs and again um if you ban spending the summer 02:34.120 --> 02:37.580 with this as an intern a you are aware how we throw you into 02:37.580 --> 02:41.060 the fray and to and you get to be part of the team. So I just 02:41.060 --> 02:43.360 love the say a thank-you right up front. 02:44.000 --> 02:47.710 And thank you also four of the introduction abby. It's really 02:47.710 --> 02:49.020 really great that it's a. 02:49.550 --> 02:53.100 I was introduced by the youngest member of the chief an office 02:53.130 --> 02:53.760 and de. 02:54.280 --> 02:57.800 We have a few folks from the organ trailed generation. But abby 02:57.800 --> 02:58.940 is our malone old. 02:59.810 --> 03:02.700 See in so many of you will carry on the work that is being done 03:02.700 --> 03:07.130 today to reduce and eliminate nuclear a weapons and the nuclear threat. 03:08.060 --> 03:12.350 This is an auspicious date today as you've no doubt have heard 03:12.350 --> 03:16.260 from other speakers in some ways the shadows that followed that 03:16.260 --> 03:18.370 trent the flash it never left us. 03:19.100 --> 03:23.490 The nuclear age complex and dangerous really began that day as 03:23.490 --> 03:27.420 did the moral political and technical debates that are inextricably 03:27.420 --> 03:28.890 linked to nuclear weapons. 03:29.540 --> 03:32.940 Over the past 70 years we have seen crises on fuld. 03:33.500 --> 03:39.190 Debates intensified arsenal's build proxy wars wage treaty signed 03:39.190 --> 03:42.010 stockpiles reduced and walls to steroid. 03:42.560 --> 03:45.190 For world leaders the came before us played their part. 03:46.180 --> 03:48.530 Now it's up to us it's up to to you. 03:50.070 --> 03:53.730 It is that a six year since president obama laid out his vision 03:53.730 --> 03:56.810 for the peace and security of the world free of nuclear weapons 03:57.160 --> 04:01.040 as craps fitting that we sit here 70 years to the day since the 04:01.040 --> 04:01.990 Trinity test. 04:02.540 --> 04:06.710 For floras polo the headquarters of the Manhattan project. 04:07.680 --> 04:10.710 Discussing how the next generation of American and international 04:10.710 --> 04:13.390 leaders creates a world without nuclear weapons. 04:14.090 --> 04:17.060 And for glad that to we're all able to here yesterday from Undersecretary 04:17.060 --> 04:21.870 Sherman and calm call iran deal was a truly amazing diplomatic 04:21.920 --> 04:25.870 feet after years of negotiations the United States together with 04:25.870 --> 04:28.860 our international partners the cheese something that decades 04:28.890 --> 04:30.260 of animosity has not. 04:30.860 --> 04:34.850 A comprehensive long term deal with iran that will prevented 04:34.850 --> 04:36.550 from obtaining nuclear weapons. 04:37.150 --> 04:40.960 To steal meets every single one of the bottom lines that we established 04:40.960 --> 04:43.760 when we achieved a framework earlier in spring. 04:44.370 --> 04:47.340 Every pathway to a nuclear weapon is cut off. 04:48.170 --> 04:51.500 And the inspection and transparency receive necessary to verify 04:51.500 --> 04:53.510 that objective will be put in place. 04:54.200 --> 04:57.130 With full implementation the agreement. We free school bring 04:57.160 --> 05:00.300 inside and accountability to Iran's nuclear program. 05:00.930 --> 05:04.870 Not for a small number of years but for the life time of that program. 05:05.450 --> 05:09.620 There's more work a hat. But is secretary kerry said to steal 05:09.950 --> 05:13.800 is a step away from the specter of conflict and toward the possibility 05:13.830 --> 05:14.560 of peace. 05:15.730 --> 05:18.710 Even was just welcome news it to be clear that these two from 05:18.710 --> 05:21.910 these two days that we have all lot of work to do. 05:22.640 --> 05:25.430 Even sitting here for the end of this session my was starred 05:25.430 --> 05:28.440 could not get down earlier it's very clear that there's a lot 05:28.440 --> 05:31.850 of work to do in the aftermath of the nonproliferation treaty 05:31.950 --> 05:32.960 review conference. 05:34.220 --> 05:35.500 The United States. 05:36.230 --> 05:39.670 Responsible approach to arms control and disarmament has already 05:39.670 --> 05:43.330 led to major reductions in nuclear weapons fissile material stops 05:43.360 --> 05:46.960 and the infrastructure of our nuclear complex. 05:47.650 --> 05:51.060 These efforts have led us to reduce our nuclear arsenal by approximately 05:51.060 --> 05:53.500 85% from the cold war heights. 05:54.190 --> 05:59.280 It real numbers that means that we have gone from 31255 nuclear 05:59.280 --> 06:04.800 weapons and are active stockpile in 19 67 you imagine up 31000 06:04.800 --> 06:07.860 weapons over that number one and we need to build so many did 06:07.860 --> 06:11.630 we think about it than I guess we must up but to date we are 06:11.630 --> 06:16.770 down to fourth fell some 717 in 2000 and fourteen. 06:17.510 --> 06:21.290 It is still too many weapons and we know what and we will continue 06:21.290 --> 06:25.400 to push forward with further reductions. But never the last it 06:25.400 --> 06:29.470 is a significant reduction from a height of the cold war in the 06:29.470 --> 06:30.320 mid sixties. 06:31.330 --> 06:34.850 The new start treaty which is now celebrated its fourth anniversary 06:34.880 --> 06:39.040 is enhanced insecurity on strategic stability between the United 06:39.040 --> 06:39.960 States and russia. 06:40.670 --> 06:43.910 Both nations I'm happy to tell you are faithfully implementing 06:43.910 --> 06:49.270 the new start treaty despite the crisis between rush up and I'm 06:49.320 --> 06:54.170 really the rest of the world in terms of what's going on in in ukraine. 06:54.840 --> 06:58.050 Korean tensions with the russian federation highlights durability 06:58.050 --> 07:01.320 of the verification machine and the important confidence that 07:01.320 --> 07:04.670 is provided by data exchanges and onsite inspections on to the 07:04.670 --> 07:08.500 treaty as well as a security in predictability below the provided 07:08.500 --> 07:11.550 by verifiable mutual limits on strategic weapons. 07:12.260 --> 07:14.220 I cannot stress this point enough. 07:15.770 --> 07:20.020 Eighteen times a year. We are able to go to russian strategic 07:20.020 --> 07:25.280 nuclear a facilities and to inspect their systems and 18 times ear. 07:25.310 --> 07:28.020 They can come here to the United States and do the same. 07:28.570 --> 07:32.600 It that along with the thousands of nut notifications that we 07:32.630 --> 07:37.120 have um exchange day in day out about the status of our nuclear 07:37.120 --> 07:41.250 forces creates a real time picture of our respective deployments 07:41.630 --> 07:46.250 at a time and trust has been very difficult frankly the new start 07:46.250 --> 07:50.160 treaty allows us continued to continue to have some mutual confidence. 07:51.280 --> 07:54.340 Using the employment guidance for the nuclear posture review 07:54.370 --> 07:57.400 president obama determined that we can ensure the security of 07:57.400 --> 08:01.150 the United States. Our allies and partners and maintain a strong 08:01.180 --> 08:04.880 and credible strategic to turn quell safely pursuing up to one 08:04.880 --> 08:08.340 third reduction in deployed strategic nuclear weapons from the 08:08.340 --> 08:10.330 level established in the new start treaty. 08:11.270 --> 08:15.510 Calling that assessment in june of 2013 about two years ago. 08:16.040 --> 08:20.230 President obama in berlin stated that the United States is willing 08:20.340 --> 08:23.320 to nicolas see with the russian federation a reduction of up 08:23.320 --> 08:27.140 to one third of are deployed strategic warheads from the level 08:27.140 --> 08:28.900 established in the new start treaty. 08:29.630 --> 08:31.590 That offer is still on the table. 08:32.110 --> 08:34.850 And it is a good one for both parties. 08:35.420 --> 08:39.720 But progress requires a willing carter had a conducive strategic environment. 08:40.680 --> 08:43.750 Everyone here knows that the environment it is not great team 08:43.750 --> 08:47.390 not only to the russian federation actions in ukraine. But also 08:47.420 --> 08:51.530 it's mom compliance with the intermediate range nuclear forces treaty. 08:52.470 --> 08:55.530 Dress in those situations as an ongoing process. 08:56.140 --> 08:59.460 With specific regard to the russian Maya Maffei elation. We will 08:59.460 --> 09:03.090 continue in gauging the russian government to was all fuse concerns. 09:03.550 --> 09:06.810 Our objective is for russia to return to verifiable compliance 09:06.810 --> 09:10.460 with that sign F treaty obligations as the treaty is in our mutual 09:10.460 --> 09:15.230 security interest and in the interest of every country on the globe. 09:16.460 --> 09:19.550 Even was our current problems and actually I was say even more 09:19.550 --> 09:22.890 so because of them the United States is committed to maintaining 09:22.890 --> 09:26.610 strategic stability between the U.S. and russia and we support 09:26.610 --> 09:30.540 continuing dialogue aimed at fostering a more stable resilient 09:30.570 --> 09:32.650 and transparent security relationship. 09:33.740 --> 09:36.810 Of course someone to be very clear as the United States considers 09:36.840 --> 09:40.400 any arms control priorities. We will continue to consult closely 09:40.400 --> 09:42.010 with our allies from Carter's. 09:42.780 --> 09:47.200 There're security and defense is Smallman Kosher ball as well 09:47.200 --> 09:47.830 as ours. 09:48.860 --> 09:51.990 On the multilateral disarmament front. I'll just briefly touch 09:51.990 --> 09:55.740 on a few things we continue discussions with our P five partners 09:55.740 --> 09:59.460 china france russia and the United kingdom as you know we have 09:59.460 --> 10:03.830 our sixth P five conference in london back in february and just 10:03.830 --> 10:07.100 last friday as adam already mentioned we met again with the P 10:07.100 --> 10:11.210 five in Paris for fear a positive discussions looking in from 10:11.210 --> 10:15.640 the outside it might seem that progress is slow in this for map 10:15.980 --> 10:19.280 but I can assure you that this is how we are going to build the 10:19.280 --> 10:23.430 bridges to a multilateral disarmament process going forward. 10:24.000 --> 10:28.110 Slowly but still very surely we can build the foundation on which 10:28.110 --> 10:31.730 future multilateral disarmament agreements will be base. 10:32.870 --> 10:36.120 Further as we concert was we consider future. Reductions are 10:36.120 --> 10:39.890 focus must be on achievable and perfide old measures the all 10:39.890 --> 10:43.180 interested parties nuclear States them on a clear States alike 10:43.180 --> 10:43.890 come across. 10:44.480 --> 10:47.390 That is why we recently started the international partnership 10:47.390 --> 10:51.180 for nuclear disarmament purification which brings countries together 10:51.180 --> 10:54.300 to develop the best techniques and tools for monitoring nuclear 10:54.300 --> 10:55.900 stockpiles at lower numbers. 10:56.800 --> 11:00.850 That is why we need smart bright young people to enter this field 11:00.880 --> 11:02.070 we need your help. 11:02.670 --> 11:05.800 So that we can't together build the tools that will helpful world 11:05.800 --> 11:08.740 get to zero nuclear weapons in a verifiable manner. 11:09.890 --> 11:13.850 United States is expanding public out reach an building grass 11:13.850 --> 11:17.740 roots support for the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty. 11:18.250 --> 11:22.100 They will not be setting any deadlines for moving forward with 11:22.100 --> 11:26.120 a vote on capitol hill. But we know that the seat TB tea is good 11:26.120 --> 11:27.970 for america's national security. 11:28.580 --> 11:31.940 And that's why we will continue educating the country on the 11:31.940 --> 11:33.110 treaties the your. 11:33.920 --> 11:37.130 You heard about the good work our labs are doing um to support 11:37.130 --> 11:41.020 this treaty we are also committed to making sure that information 11:41.050 --> 11:45.070 of this about the sea TB teat gets. Well out be on the belt what 11:45.490 --> 11:49.360 that is why over the next six months. I will personally be travelling 11:49.360 --> 11:53.290 to the us States that were affected by nuclear explosive testing. 11:53.910 --> 11:57.440 In the period of when we have been conducting testing. Of course 11:57.440 --> 12:00.070 it's important to bear in mind that we've had a more korean in 12:00.070 --> 12:05.520 place since 19 92 and goal I always like to remind people that 12:05.520 --> 12:09.120 the last come to treat that has conducted a nuclear test. 12:09.870 --> 12:12.740 In this century was north korea. 12:13.310 --> 12:16.500 So it's a remarkable I think the fact that we have been able 12:16.500 --> 12:18.680 to sustain a maintain this more coram. 12:19.680 --> 12:22.880 Alexander mentioned that the next step in nuclear disarmament 12:22.880 --> 12:27.020 has not move forward. But I see new pope frankly for the go see 12:27.020 --> 12:30.150 a sham of a fissile material cut off treaty there been quite 12:30.550 --> 12:34.370 some some stand to discussions going on in a group of government 12:34.370 --> 12:38.220 experts they're moving now. I'll forward with for the discussions 12:38.220 --> 12:39.810 in the conference on disarmament. 12:40.530 --> 12:44.700 Fm seeks she is an essential. I'm logical next step in disarmament 12:44.740 --> 12:46.900 and we really must move forward with it. 12:47.870 --> 12:51.040 Of course progress on disarmament is not limited to treaties 12:51.070 --> 12:55.080 the United States takes what I like to call all full spectrum 12:55.110 --> 12:58.850 approach to disarmament and this approaching compass is progress 12:58.850 --> 13:01.230 on eliminating fissile material also. 13:01.970 --> 13:04.550 The work that we've been doing as part of the nuclear security 13:04.550 --> 13:08.290 summit process has been instrumental to ensuring the safety and 13:08.290 --> 13:12.010 security people around the world and in de data mentioned the 13:12.010 --> 13:15.890 yolk very good meeting that was so uh I'm held until the is a 13:15.890 --> 13:18.990 couple of weeks ago to get together the so-called shirk goes 13:19.020 --> 13:21.830 and planning the next nuclear security summit that will take 13:21.830 --> 13:26.760 place here in washington at the end of march 2006 teams. So we 13:26.760 --> 13:30.000 are really pressing a hand also will on minimizing the use of 13:30.000 --> 13:33.330 is ah material around the world and ensuring its elimination 13:33.600 --> 13:38.980 as well as we're a remains it's very secure protection control 13:38.980 --> 13:39.710 an accounting. 13:40.790 --> 13:43.750 Through our collective efforts we of increase global engagement 13:43.750 --> 13:46.900 on this critical issue an intern decreased the amount of all 13:46.900 --> 13:50.300 double aq and can tony and worldwide as well as the number of 13:50.300 --> 13:53.780 the tour of facilities were such materialize kept. 13:54.510 --> 13:58.210 We have many of the remaining facility storing weapons usable 13:58.370 --> 13:59.530 fissile material. 14:00.230 --> 14:03.850 Ah for many of them we have actually upgraded physical protection 14:03.880 --> 14:08.200 and security to keeps them resistant to a variety of threats 14:08.690 --> 14:12.340 these another summit efforts have reduced the receptors on mature 14:12.340 --> 14:15.900 will fall and the wrong hands fall into terrorist hands. I think 14:15.900 --> 14:19.800 it important point to focus on is that nuclear security work 14:19.800 --> 14:24.010 is never ever finished. You have to keep your eye on that ball 14:24.040 --> 14:28.450 all the time as long as nuclear radioactive materials exist. 14:28.450 --> 14:31.870 They require our utmost can commitment to their protection. 14:32.810 --> 14:36.180 If you're looking for job security nuclear security. It is a 14:36.180 --> 14:38.630 good place to about to hang your hat. 14:39.800 --> 14:42.950 Finally it's important that people outside this room are aware 14:42.950 --> 14:46.630 that that nuclear sort of damage please as president john F Kennedy 14:46.630 --> 14:51.340 called it. So eloquently still hangs above the head of every 14:51.340 --> 14:53.640 man woman and child on this planet. 14:54.530 --> 14:58.620 That concept is weighed heavy on the hearts and minds of us leaders 14:58.620 --> 15:00.570 since the dawn of the nuclear age. 15:01.130 --> 15:05.320 Are deep understanding of the humanitarian consequences has become 15:05.350 --> 15:09.370 an will always be inseparable from our nuclear policy. 15:10.160 --> 15:15.110 It's in our interest that the 70 year history of non use of nuclear 15:15.110 --> 15:18.490 weapons be sustained and maintained forever. 15:19.640 --> 15:21.760 I want to leave you with some final thoughts. 15:22.340 --> 15:23.530 A confession relate. 15:25.010 --> 15:27.930 On in the stone cold died in the will. 15:28.480 --> 15:31.150 Optimise. It is true. 15:32.060 --> 15:35.650 I'm not however are an optimist fight Schwartz. I'm an optimist 15:35.650 --> 15:36.580 by necessity. 15:37.190 --> 15:40.660 As someone who is devoted her career to reducing the threats 15:40.660 --> 15:45.540 posed by nuclear weapons. There is no alternative it is simply unthinkable. 15:46.170 --> 15:49.720 That means there's no room for Sena says him to spare or cuss 15:49.720 --> 15:50.190 of a some. 15:50.930 --> 15:54.040 That is why I think about that is what I think about when I look 15:54.040 --> 15:57.660 at the tastic some from be and my colleagues whether they and 15:57.660 --> 16:01.240 it's all the next steps and nuclear reductions ending nuclear 16:01.240 --> 16:04.950 explosive testing worldwide for keeping nuclear material out 16:04.950 --> 16:08.900 of the hands of terrorists. We will succeed because we absolutely 16:08.900 --> 16:13.280 must succeed. There is no alternative trust me you will too. 16:13.950 --> 16:17.100 All you need is hard work patience and persistence. 16:17.690 --> 16:19.250 And I must say. 16:20.090 --> 16:23.370 Especially on those late nights up in new york a dash of humor 16:23.540 --> 16:28.200 helps to so I advise you to keep that in mind always so thank 16:28.200 --> 16:31.560 you all very much for being here today. I hope even george these 16:31.560 --> 16:36.060 last two days for those of you'll be joining us at george washington 16:36.060 --> 16:39.390 university tomorrow. I will see their rival actually be opening 16:39.390 --> 16:43.900 up of that session there and so look for two a very active and 16:43.900 --> 16:49.490 to and useful day there to as well but look for dear questions 16:49.520 --> 16:51.200 and thank you very much for your attention.. Questions. 17:04.670 --> 17:08.820 Questions. Has. Always. 17:23.270 --> 17:25.710 I All. Right. 17:28.970 --> 17:32.580 It looks like they have a An important meeting coming up. I hope 17:32.580 --> 17:34.160 they keep it dash with. Humor. 17:37.310 --> 17:39.460 Oh located looks like everybody's worn out. 17:40.180 --> 17:42.650 If you don't wanna get out of the microphone you can just um 17:42.650 --> 17:45.640 Stan lee. This raise your hand um all repeat your. Question. 17:51.620 --> 17:52.180 Comes one. 17:53.690 --> 17:57.750 And I'm in Tennessee department um. I just wondering I I know 17:57.750 --> 18:01.260 that many Sherman in ever and the secretary Das for turn from 18:01.300 --> 18:04.000 I'm big machine there are until that as somebody and initiate 18:04.000 --> 18:05.550 the new start deal and as engaging. 18:06.310 --> 18:08.510 I don't know similar negotiations whether. 18:09.130 --> 18:11.590 You could shed any light on may be the difference is that I'm 18:11.620 --> 18:15.290 the challenges space between the two sets that I just on a treaty 18:15.290 --> 18:18.060 but this two sets of arms control arrangements and if you have 18:18.060 --> 18:20.900 any ideas about the field that's actually a very good question 18:20.900 --> 18:23.980 because it allows me to talk about the difference between bilateral 18:23.980 --> 18:25.430 multilateral diplomacy. 18:26.010 --> 18:29.080 Um you may have seen some of the pictures of the plane early meetings. 18:29.080 --> 18:33.020 So I'm in Vienna where you know they had very big groups um. 18:33.130 --> 18:35.640 I the mildly was a six plus one. 18:36.170 --> 18:40.250 Uh uh formats. So you know I don't know they needed to a more 18:40.250 --> 18:44.330 than from four sides of the table and uh it was really an amazing 18:44.800 --> 18:49.390 um set of of moving discussion groups. I was talking to my cat 18:49.390 --> 18:52.690 counterpart that the foreign minister from cough who had you 18:52.690 --> 18:55.840 know just a couple of weeks ago they and a technical team in 18:55.840 --> 18:59.570 Moscow to discuss aspects of few know what the technical. 18:59.620 --> 19:02.670 I'm responsibilities were that the russians were born to be too 19:02.670 --> 19:07.220 taking on so a lot of moving parts and a multilateral mike association 19:07.220 --> 19:12.820 Fairy very complex jerry jerry. I'm important to be able to handle 19:12.820 --> 19:14.380 strikes the right. It's about. 19:14.880 --> 19:19.530 Consensus a compromises on long all all groups. So it is. 19:20.060 --> 19:21.550 More I would say. 19:22.780 --> 19:24.810 Complicated in some ways. 19:25.380 --> 19:29.360 On the bilateral from working with whatever country. I'm a can 19:29.360 --> 19:30.360 also be very. 19:30.920 --> 19:34.750 A complicated as I can as test I used to joke all the time that 19:34.780 --> 19:37.790 to the I'd never knew. What was more complicated ago seeding 19:37.790 --> 19:40.480 with the russians are no-go seating with the summit over that 19:40.480 --> 19:41.660 new start treaty that. 19:42.190 --> 19:44.600 Um as a matter of fact V no. 19:45.440 --> 19:50.740 The uh you know issues were so high-stakes uh in the case of 19:50.740 --> 19:54.560 nuclear arms reductions starting in the early 19 seventies when 19:54.560 --> 19:58.260 we first engaged on nipper arms control with the russians that 19:58.300 --> 20:02.700 I'm there is always a great intensity. There's always many many 20:02.700 --> 20:06.890 difficult issues that have to be confronted and abreast book um. 20:06.920 --> 20:10.900 It is a a two player game and set of a multi player game. 20:10.900 --> 20:14.830 So it's so uh there's a different dynamic there are and a different 20:14.830 --> 20:18.330 set of problems of have to be a brass. So I would say those were 20:18.330 --> 20:21.380 probably the have the biggest difference is the other thing I 20:21.380 --> 20:22.070 would say. 20:22.610 --> 20:26.580 Because we've had this 45 year history of arms limitation and 20:26.580 --> 20:30.680 reduction talks a with the russian federation soviet union before 20:30.680 --> 20:35.250 that we have a long established working relationship with sam 20:35.720 --> 20:39.010 uh where we understand the technical details. They know many 20:39.010 --> 20:42.960 of the details of our nuclear weapons systems are delivery vehicles 20:42.960 --> 20:46.490 and so forth Haney understand a lot about how we do things how 20:46.490 --> 20:51.460 we operate and so that kind of foundation of basic understanding 20:51.880 --> 20:56.030 of sirs on the go see years. Well one thing one final point. 20:56.030 --> 20:59.610 I make our make on this which is kind of a general point is that 21:00.070 --> 21:04.170 negotiations of released sped up over recent years and now they 21:04.170 --> 21:09.590 bend facilitated greatly by sings over so simple Alice um as 21:09.620 --> 21:14.160 email or having the opportunity to have somebody cell phone number 21:14.160 --> 21:17.450 and some somebody and SNS message and say hey you wanna get together 21:17.450 --> 21:21.740 for coffee. You know when I first started on the start spat delegation 21:21.740 --> 21:26.530 back in 19 90 in Geneva is a very very junior member of a of 21:26.530 --> 21:27.860 lead us delegation. 21:28.670 --> 21:31.700 Everything had to go through protocol channels and I was always 21:31.700 --> 21:34.880 very you know because the Soviets could use out of course to 21:34.880 --> 21:38.200 play a delay game sometimes of course we played delay game. 21:38.700 --> 21:43.900 But there were many um many kinds of for a testing and and other 21:43.900 --> 21:47.740 diplomatic games of would go on just around scheduling a meetings 21:47.740 --> 21:51.690 and so forth and if you could cut right through all of that you 21:51.690 --> 21:55.010 know to go right to your counterpart and they make the decision 21:55.430 --> 21:58.530 whether they're ready to have coffee with fewer bought and and 21:58.570 --> 22:02.450 I found it was fair a very good and the I keep those numbers 22:02.450 --> 22:06.210 in my cell phone to this day. So it's so uh it's a big difference 22:06.210 --> 22:10.140 just to what the alike product rose revolution has come out to 22:10.140 --> 22:12.690 the go see nations um. I think that applies whether we're talking 22:12.690 --> 22:16.800 about bilateral or multi lateral negotiations. So thanks for 22:16.800 --> 22:20.970 your question. Yes. Yes I will first a little comment about your 22:20.970 --> 22:23.610 apt in isn't a max learn there was a asked whether he was an 22:23.610 --> 22:27.150 optimist or a pessimist any city was a possible list. 22:27.710 --> 22:30.320 So why not the seeking something that many of better or worse 22:30.320 --> 22:33.360 priceless even if possible but then you have to make it works 22:33.360 --> 22:35.650 and maybe you're also a possible it's um. 22:36.280 --> 22:39.170 I said like goes without saying as I get ready to operate without 22:39.170 --> 22:41.880 saying which things it's like it I'm up and it's what you think I'm. 22:42.850 --> 22:47.540 Um I just went to ask you what you're a what was year um nuclear 22:47.540 --> 22:50.860 awaken anger. How you became involved in this field. 22:51.590 --> 22:55.850 Mm. Interesting um I went off to um. 22:56.720 --> 23:00.350 Georgetown university at the time the first eight tonic's um 23:00.380 --> 23:04.360 and I would say Mayan nuclear weakening was around that first 23:04.360 --> 23:07.840 a common the strategic arms limitation talks took place. 23:07.840 --> 23:11.020 Also balls the goes station of the anti ballistic missile treaty. 23:11.360 --> 23:15.510 I was a freshman them sophomore Georgetown won those were being 23:15.980 --> 23:17.890 the go see the by the way. It's sound. 23:18.400 --> 23:22.820 The fortieth anniversary today of the uh. Oh science Apollo um 23:23.220 --> 23:26.590 which was also one of the artifacts of that first-aid tonto have 23:26.920 --> 23:30.520 you know those kinds of call while pretty of ventures between 23:30.550 --> 23:35.050 um between us and the soviet union and to you don't basic research 23:35.050 --> 23:38.170 that type of thing that was all happening when I was an undergraduate 23:38.170 --> 23:41.620 and so that's what first caught my attention. First caught my interest. 23:42.260 --> 23:45.520 If you back it up even further. I didn't get I won't say that 23:45.520 --> 23:48.450 when I was four years old I became gripped by nuclear weapons. 23:48.450 --> 23:50.440 But I was struck by the split bank launch. 23:50.990 --> 23:55.580 Uh and that's actually the a story I like to tell a groping Columbus ohio. 23:55.580 --> 23:59.480 My dad to me out on the front porches said see that little light 23:59.480 --> 24:02.890 moving across the sky this the russians put a few never call them. 24:02.890 --> 24:06.360 The Soviets you was called the russians the russians put us us 24:06.560 --> 24:09.770 a split makeup of the sky none of us knew what that meant of 24:09.770 --> 24:12.990 course but you know it did lead to a lot of excitement about 24:12.990 --> 24:17.300 the possibilities for a science and technology a lot of concern 24:17.300 --> 24:20.520 actually olive that's the sylvia's we're getting ahead of us 24:20.550 --> 24:24.720 in terms of technological development and so forth soak I actually 24:24.720 --> 24:28.080 had my interest caught rather early by what was going on. 24:28.590 --> 24:32.430 Over in the soviet union split make squid make baby that's why 24:32.430 --> 24:34.980 call myself a speaking baby. Yes please go ahead. 24:35.660 --> 24:39.790 Hi I'm was that killed from the Carnegie endowment um and I myself 24:39.790 --> 24:43.130 am also very much an optimist but I wanted to ask you is someone 24:43.130 --> 24:45.910 he's only doing the work in this field for about of a year. 24:45.940 --> 24:49.840 I don't have the data faith that experience that you have and 24:49.870 --> 24:52.750 of course you know young people like us he can read about things 24:52.750 --> 24:55.260 in history textbooks that it's easy to fall into the trap of 24:55.290 --> 24:58.260 thinking that that's how history would always turn out and so 24:58.260 --> 25:02.140 I wanted to ask you in your career what things have you seen 25:02.140 --> 25:05.530 that gave you reason for your continued optimism have you seen 25:05.530 --> 25:09.660 things happen that conventional ways to and held from possible 25:09.690 --> 25:14.890 can you can use its mind on the Yes I'm and the first was the 25:15.310 --> 25:18.890 most room actually in the most recent period the first was that 25:18.890 --> 25:19.850 new start treaty. 25:20.470 --> 25:25.480 All wary and uh you know up until just days before was ratified 25:25.510 --> 25:28.580 other of senate voted to give its advice incomes sam. I have 25:28.610 --> 25:31.640 colleagues across government telling me you're never gonna get 25:31.640 --> 25:35.250 this thing down it's never gonna be passed and during. The course 25:35.250 --> 25:38.800 on-the-go stations I had people in the inter agency constantly. 25:39.890 --> 25:43.040 I've mentioned email constantly communicating and so. Yeah never 25:43.040 --> 25:47.240 gonna get this thing down so that's why I mention that assess 25:47.240 --> 25:49.910 the approach a persist and scannell you just have to keep your 25:49.910 --> 25:51.830 head down keep working sometimes. 25:52.410 --> 25:55.160 It's a little bit of us that example but the other thing that 25:55.160 --> 25:59.830 gave me a great hope back in the 19 nineties was the work that 25:59.830 --> 26:03.680 we did on the so-called tri lateral deal with huge crane russia 26:03.760 --> 26:07.890 kazakhstan and they'll roost to bring so the air of nuclear weapons 26:07.890 --> 26:12.630 back from those three countries to the russian federation for 26:12.660 --> 26:16.440 all I'm a nation or in the case of a small number of mobile systems 26:16.440 --> 26:18.350 a came out of bell roost for redeployment. 26:18.950 --> 26:23.870 So I'm I was a participant in than the go see a sham and that 26:23.870 --> 26:29.750 was a successful one now sadly. Sorely sorely undermined by the 26:29.750 --> 26:33.130 russian action in ukraine its seizure of. 26:33.940 --> 26:37.710 Um crimean attempt to incorporated into the russian federation. 26:37.710 --> 26:42.040 So in the last as far as a signal six sass and achieving a stable 26:42.070 --> 26:45.500 out calm at the I'm of the cold war it could've been we had. 26:46.110 --> 26:51.410 Terrible nightmares and 19 91 19 92 that that that dissolution 26:51.410 --> 26:56.200 of the soviet union would result and a new claire bazaar where 26:56.200 --> 26:59.210 there would be everything available for sale and things would 26:59.210 --> 27:03.420 be falling in the hands of terrorists. So not only V the action 27:03.420 --> 27:06.680 to de nuclear ice ukraine kazakhstan bell. Rousseau's successful. 27:06.680 --> 27:09.370 But some so I know you fell on a conversation about. 27:09.900 --> 27:13.090 The advances of cooperate threat reduction. But the work that 27:13.090 --> 27:18.010 we did to bring fissile material in warheads into better a control 27:18.010 --> 27:21.550 and accounting and protection in the former soviet union called 27:21.550 --> 27:25.050 those were all very good projects again once we could not have 27:25.050 --> 27:29.730 a a match and back uh in the earlier era uh in the 19 eighty. 27:29.730 --> 27:33.270 So there's been a lot of experience. I've had in my career were 27:33.320 --> 27:36.570 you know just keeping your head down keeping working um brings 27:36.570 --> 27:38.680 the assaults hats wine never give up. 27:39.800 --> 27:40.220 Thank you. 27:41.090 --> 27:41.930 Yes please. 27:42.480 --> 27:47.190 Tuition centre for non preparation studies. I'm one of my a projects 27:47.190 --> 27:50.360 that I work on it is the deputy freeze on in the middle east 27:50.390 --> 27:54.660 and attract incapacity them apart of and canes the middle east 27:54.660 --> 27:59.990 network of emerging specialists. And Whenever people ask me about 27:59.990 --> 28:02.490 it the first thing they say is for you know that's not going 28:02.490 --> 28:06.190 to happen right. Um and a lot of older people even discourage 28:06.190 --> 28:10.250 me from working on it and say shifter tension elsewhere. So as 28:10.250 --> 28:11.020 an optimist. 28:11.810 --> 28:13.640 Would she say keep going on this. Track. 28:16.810 --> 28:19.940 Yes I would be because of the but I have some and purer poll 28:19.940 --> 28:22.110 data to back up but I have to say here. 28:22.800 --> 28:26.300 We a if you look and I'm sure you remember the acres process 28:26.300 --> 28:29.760 that basically hall to be in the mid 19 90 cement. 28:30.440 --> 28:32.880 Crisis some and couples in the region. 28:33.680 --> 28:38.710 But him um that period that we were preparing for this review 28:38.710 --> 28:42.940 conference I'm trying to convene those weapons of mass destruction 28:42.940 --> 28:44.820 free zone conference on the middle east. 28:45.330 --> 28:49.560 We start about a series of quiet and serious discussions set 28:49.560 --> 28:52.750 came to be called ugly all process because state took place and 28:52.750 --> 28:56.820 we all for the first time since see Icarus process. 28:57.390 --> 29:03.560 Halted week not the Arabs Israelis and in at least one case iranians 29:03.590 --> 29:07.620 always sit down and have a quiet and serious discussion about 29:07.620 --> 29:12.060 what it would take 'em to really move forward on this this profoundly 29:12.060 --> 29:16.330 important goal. So I know that the countries in the region can 29:16.330 --> 29:21.280 sit down and work together and bite know that there is potential 29:21.280 --> 29:24.820 for serious discussion lamp wrap some progress and by the way. 29:24.820 --> 29:28.390 I think in certain areas. We can even see the practical ways 29:28.390 --> 29:30.170 in which they are working together. 29:30.720 --> 29:34.780 Um I attend the dea. So called integrated field exercise for 29:34.780 --> 29:39.960 the conference a test ban treaty organization. Last uh a november 29:39.990 --> 29:41.340 and december in Jordan. 29:41.850 --> 29:45.710 And there was a case we're the Arabs and the Israelis and the 29:45.710 --> 29:49.880 iranians for all participating in this on site inspection exercise 29:49.880 --> 29:54.270 in Jordan and working together in practical ways to implement 29:54.360 --> 29:58.330 of the comprehensive test ban treaty. So I think that we have 29:58.370 --> 30:01.690 some unbearable data not only the Glee all process in terms of 30:01.830 --> 30:06.120 readiness for serious discussions. But also and terrible data 30:06.230 --> 30:09.550 related to some practical problems slowing that's going on so 30:09.810 --> 30:13.160 I think we just have to continue to tried and nurture developments 30:13.160 --> 30:17.230 in that area and and further broaden uh the circle of countries 30:17.490 --> 30:20.100 in the middle east to are interested in really trying to do some 30:20.100 --> 30:24.420 heavy lifting here. It's been very much an issue that egypt is dominated. 30:24.940 --> 30:29.650 Um I don't know what roller raw nas corn a play in this up coming period. 30:30.050 --> 30:33.830 But we will hold four and a more productive diplomacy going forward. 30:34.280 --> 30:37.030 And there are other countries. I think prepared to step for it. 30:37.030 --> 30:40.220 I mention that Jordan step and for to play this role for the 30:40.220 --> 30:44.590 I iffy 14 we'll see what other countries will step up I'm to 30:44.590 --> 30:48.690 the up to the bar but I definitely definitely a encourage you 30:48.690 --> 30:49.360 to continue. 30:50.090 --> 30:50.400 Thank you. 30:51.110 --> 30:56.560 It's Secretary. 30:57.160 --> 30:59.410 Of to make them hear or see a Maryland. 31:00.830 --> 31:01.330 I Taylor. 31:01.910 --> 31:07.510 So your experience that um and think tanks and of with your in 31:07.620 --> 31:12.950 with your knowledge background of of nuclear strategy and Others 31:13.180 --> 31:14.910 others series such as game theory. 31:15.480 --> 31:20.670 Um how does this how does this work into your professional career 31:21.150 --> 31:25.270 as a representative expert of nuclear policy for the guys sates 31:25.700 --> 31:30.120 and how did this I hope you and the um can a and the 31:31.380 --> 31:33.240 Application of the new start treaty. 31:34.580 --> 31:37.550 Um tear not against your stuff. Thank you for workers Taylor's 31:37.550 --> 31:41.630 referring to some work. I've been doing lately on a interested 31:41.630 --> 31:44.960 to that we need to do some more work on deterrence theory and 31:44.960 --> 31:47.580 that those of you of study does she know that of course during 31:47.580 --> 31:50.610 the cold war there was a lot of work to develop gain Fairy on 31:50.610 --> 31:52.250 the notion of a zero sum game. 31:52.770 --> 31:56.920 Um and BP you know what else a supports up the underpinnings 31:56.920 --> 31:59.810 of deterrence be because there are so many players in the game. 31:59.810 --> 32:01.680 Now south-asia. 32:02.390 --> 32:06.640 Iran and the right now iran star and that india were hoping Iran's 32:06.640 --> 32:07.700 gummy off the table here. 32:08.330 --> 32:12.270 Uh india pakistan and china in that dynamic. 32:13.000 --> 32:14.550 What role russia scorn apply. 32:15.130 --> 32:19.320 I've been looking out. So I'm doug evolution of game theory and 32:19.320 --> 32:23.260 how it might apply out to know helping us to think it's not gonna 32:23.260 --> 32:27.620 be a panacea answering was some kind of magic formula are questions here. 32:27.620 --> 32:30.850 But I think it can help us perhaps to elusive eight some of the 32:30.880 --> 32:35.220 issues that are out there um now to consider some things from 32:35.220 --> 32:39.440 a thanks for the reference but I'm isobel no game theorist that 32:39.500 --> 32:43.450 that gives me back to Taylor's question which she is I really 32:43.450 --> 32:47.240 believe in what Ellen towns for said this morning it's very good 32:47.270 --> 32:51.270 in your careers going forward to tried of below stepped in and 32:51.270 --> 32:53.430 step about a various expereinces. 32:54.000 --> 32:56.810 She mention getting expereince on the hill. I certainly endorse 32:56.810 --> 32:59.570 out although i've never had any experience on the hill except 32:59.640 --> 33:01.870 all the time to get called up there to testify. 33:02.550 --> 33:06.380 Um I guess I counts this a certain kind of experience but to them. 33:07.100 --> 33:08.280 Never worked up there. 33:09.080 --> 33:12.700 In many of them to I really do believe that the role frank pang's 33:12.700 --> 33:18.730 play is so important to and I'm on our um in aren't so of system 33:18.760 --> 33:21.540 in our own national I'm kind of character. 33:22.070 --> 33:26.520 And in now the way that we are international innovators not only 33:26.520 --> 33:30.510 on things like technology but also on the ideas from as well. 33:31.050 --> 33:34.670 I always feel like it's important to I'm one of those typical 33:34.670 --> 33:39.160 political implement a appointee signed a government during certain 33:39.160 --> 33:42.280 periods and then I come back in that the government but by the 33:42.280 --> 33:45.830 time you leave government you're pretty one out and oftentimes 33:45.830 --> 33:49.330 your your intellectual capitalists spent so to be able to go 33:49.330 --> 33:53.270 back to the think tank for a couple years and have an opportunity 33:53.270 --> 33:58.890 to work on projects to interacts uh to develop some new ideas 33:58.920 --> 34:03.360 and to to really um as I say we feel let's talk of intellectual 34:03.360 --> 34:06.860 capital as very very important. So as you contemplate your careers. 34:07.400 --> 34:10.660 Ink in those terms to you know what makes best um does sounds 34:10.660 --> 34:15.170 for you but I always say never be bore a to completely step out 34:15.170 --> 34:15.670 of your. 34:16.200 --> 34:17.070 I'm here. 34:17.930 --> 34:20.830 Conference so and try something new and different because it 34:20.830 --> 34:23.780 can be a surprising um benefits. 34:24.320 --> 34:24.710 To you. 34:25.760 --> 34:31.600 So. It's I think we might be approaching out of time because 34:31.600 --> 34:35.710 I was told that so we we do have to rope wrapped up in a timely manner. 34:36.220 --> 34:39.050 But thank you all for a matched not only for listening to my 34:39.050 --> 34:42.380 speech but also for coming to the conference. I hope I will see 34:42.380 --> 34:46.670 some of you and she Debbie am tomorrow for the academic day and 34:46.670 --> 34:48.710 to belief thanks for participating..