WEBVTT 00:00.040 --> 00:02.540 thank you to Keio University for all 00:02.540 --> 00:06.020 the work you have put into hosting this 00:06.020 --> 00:09.340 event in particular , Professor and say , 00:09.340 --> 00:12.560 okay and professor , I'm culpable 00:14.240 --> 00:16.780 as a former university president , I 00:16.780 --> 00:18.780 always look forward to visiting the 00:18.780 --> 00:21.450 academy and hearing from students . 00:22.540 --> 00:25.110 One large similarity between my current 00:25.110 --> 00:27.120 responsibilities as US Defence 00:27.120 --> 00:30.230 Secretary and my previous job as 00:30.230 --> 00:32.452 president of texas A and M . University 00:33.140 --> 00:35.810 is that in both instances I have been 00:35.810 --> 00:38.280 responsible for the well being of large 00:38.280 --> 00:40.447 numbers of college age men and women . 00:41.540 --> 00:43.651 It is a responsibility . I have taken 00:43.651 --> 00:47.180 very seriously and continue to take 00:47.180 --> 00:49.640 seriously today , especially with so 00:49.640 --> 00:51.640 much at stake for our young men and 00:51.640 --> 00:53.807 women in uniform and for our country . 00:55.240 --> 00:57.350 This is my third visit to Japan as 00:57.350 --> 00:59.940 Secretary of Defense and my fourth trip 00:59.940 --> 01:03.370 to Asia over the past eight months . It 01:03.370 --> 01:05.426 is a privilege to be the latest in a 01:05.426 --> 01:07.481 series of US senior leaders who have 01:07.640 --> 01:10.060 visited Japan over the past 12 months , 01:10.520 --> 01:12.830 including President Obama , Secretary 01:12.830 --> 01:15.170 of State Clinton , Treasury Secretary 01:15.180 --> 01:18.260 Geithner , Commerce Secretary Lock and 01:18.260 --> 01:22.010 Energy Secretary chu . This past year 01:22.010 --> 01:24.121 we marked the 50th anniversary of the 01:24.121 --> 01:25.954 treaty of mutual cooperation and 01:25.954 --> 01:28.121 Security between the United States and 01:28.121 --> 01:31.860 Japan , As well as 150th anniversary of 01:31.870 --> 01:34.170 the first Japanese diplomatic mission 01:34.180 --> 01:37.860 to the United States , notably one of 01:37.860 --> 01:39.749 the younger members of that first 01:39.749 --> 01:41.820 japanese delegation , that's because 01:41.820 --> 01:44.950 our Yukiji , the founder of this 01:44.950 --> 01:48.890 university , as you know , Fukuzawa 01:48.890 --> 01:51.780 drew on his experience and subsequent 01:51.780 --> 01:53.891 visits to the United States to become 01:53.891 --> 01:56.340 Japan's preeminent expert on the 01:56.340 --> 01:58.470 institutions and values of american 01:58.470 --> 02:01.080 democracy and to shape this great 02:01.080 --> 02:04.200 institution of learning , writing more 02:04.200 --> 02:06.850 than a century ago , Fukuzawa saw 02:06.850 --> 02:09.080 extraordinary promise in the future 02:09.080 --> 02:12.140 bilateral relationship between Japan 02:12.150 --> 02:15.110 and the United States . This promise 02:15.110 --> 02:18.040 was tragically interrupted by war But 02:18.040 --> 02:20.330 fulfilled 50 years ago when our two 02:20.330 --> 02:22.920 nations forged a partnership that has 02:22.920 --> 02:26.070 fostered stability , prosperity and 02:26.070 --> 02:28.181 growing political freedom in Asia for 02:28.181 --> 02:31.600 most of the last half century , ours is 02:31.600 --> 02:34.530 an alliance based not just on economic 02:34.530 --> 02:37.660 and military necessity , but on shared 02:37.660 --> 02:40.270 values with respect to how governments 02:40.270 --> 02:42.620 should treat their own people and deal 02:42.620 --> 02:44.676 with other nations in the conduct of 02:44.676 --> 02:47.060 international affairs , a belief in 02:47.060 --> 02:49.750 democratic ideals and the pursuit of 02:49.760 --> 02:51.371 peace and prosperity through 02:51.371 --> 02:53.880 international norms and organizations 02:54.200 --> 02:56.590 rather than through militarism and 02:56.590 --> 03:00.080 coercion . I think it is important to 03:00.090 --> 03:02.860 remember those basic truths . Indeed , 03:03.310 --> 03:06.280 the wide deep and rich array of values 03:06.280 --> 03:08.058 and interests that bind our two 03:08.058 --> 03:10.420 countries together , especially since 03:10.420 --> 03:12.531 news headlines about our alliance are 03:12.531 --> 03:14.550 often dominated by difficult issues 03:14.550 --> 03:16.880 such as host nation , support the 03:16.880 --> 03:19.860 futenma relocation and funding for Guam . 03:20.940 --> 03:22.950 So what I'd like to do this morning 03:22.960 --> 03:25.430 before taking your questions is to 03:25.430 --> 03:28.030 provide some strategic context to the U . 03:28.030 --> 03:31.930 S . Japan defense partnership . First , 03:31.930 --> 03:34.097 I want to discuss the complex array of 03:34.097 --> 03:36.210 regional security challenges we face 03:36.210 --> 03:38.960 together and the benefits of addressing 03:38.960 --> 03:41.190 those challenges between and among 03:41.190 --> 03:44.360 nations of shared interests and second , 03:44.360 --> 03:46.416 I want to explain the ways the US to 03:46.416 --> 03:48.780 Japan defense relationship and 03:48.780 --> 03:51.280 partnership must adapt to meet those 03:51.280 --> 03:53.770 challenges to include modernizing the 03:53.770 --> 03:56.400 alliance's military capabilities and 03:56.400 --> 03:59.620 basing arrangements over the course of 03:59.620 --> 04:01.750 its history . The U . S . Japan 04:01.750 --> 04:04.500 alliance has succeeded at its original 04:04.500 --> 04:07.820 core purpose to determine military 04:07.820 --> 04:10.130 aggression and provide an umbrella of 04:10.130 --> 04:12.750 security under which Japan and the 04:12.750 --> 04:16.070 region can prosper . Yeah , today our 04:16.070 --> 04:18.630 alliance is growing deeper and broader 04:18.730 --> 04:20.619 as we address a range of security 04:20.619 --> 04:23.870 challenges in Asia . Some like north 04:23.870 --> 04:27.860 Korea piracy or natural disasters 04:28.640 --> 04:30.362 have been around for decades , 04:30.400 --> 04:32.530 centuries or since the beginning of 04:32.540 --> 04:35.520 tongues . Others such as global 04:35.520 --> 04:38.750 terrorist networks , cyber attacks and 04:38.750 --> 04:41.170 nuclear proliferation are of more 04:41.170 --> 04:44.570 recent vintage . What these issues have 04:44.570 --> 04:46.570 in common is that they all require 04:46.570 --> 04:49.590 multiple nations working together and 04:49.590 --> 04:51.630 they also almost always require 04:51.630 --> 04:54.370 leadership and involvement by key 04:54.380 --> 04:56.720 regional players such as the U . S . 04:56.730 --> 05:00.530 And Japan . In turn , we express our 05:00.530 --> 05:02.308 shared values by increasing our 05:02.308 --> 05:04.040 alliances capacity to provide 05:04.040 --> 05:06.960 humanitarian aid and disaster relief , 05:07.840 --> 05:10.150 Take part in peacekeeping operations , 05:10.640 --> 05:13.450 protect the global commons and promote 05:13.460 --> 05:15.630 cooperation and build trust through 05:15.630 --> 05:18.460 strengthening regional institutions . 05:19.210 --> 05:21.043 Everyone gathered here knows the 05:21.043 --> 05:22.932 crippling devastation that can be 05:22.932 --> 05:25.700 caused by natural disasters and the U . 05:25.700 --> 05:28.120 S . And Japan along with our partners 05:28.120 --> 05:30.680 in the region recognize that responding 05:30.680 --> 05:33.080 to these crises is of security 05:33.080 --> 05:35.860 imperative in recent years . U . S . 05:35.860 --> 05:37.916 And Japanese forces delivered aid to 05:37.916 --> 05:40.040 remote earthquake stricken regions in 05:40.040 --> 05:42.950 Indonesia and U . S . Aircraft based in 05:42.950 --> 05:44.900 Japan helped deliver assistance to 05:44.900 --> 05:48.580 typhoon victims in Burma . We worked 05:48.580 --> 05:50.990 together in response to the 2004 Indian 05:51.000 --> 05:54.340 Ocean , tsunami , earthquakes in Java 05:54.340 --> 05:57.680 Sumatra and Haiti and most recently , 05:57.680 --> 05:59.760 following the floods in Pakistan . 06:01.120 --> 06:03.120 These efforts have demonstrated the 06:03.120 --> 06:05.342 forward deployment of U . S . Forces on 06:05.342 --> 06:08.860 Japan is of real and lifesaving value . 06:09.840 --> 06:12.062 They also provide new opportunities for 06:12.062 --> 06:14.007 the U . S . And Japanese forces to 06:14.007 --> 06:16.062 operate together by conducting joint 06:16.062 --> 06:19.650 exercises and missions furthermore . 06:19.650 --> 06:21.800 Us and Japanese troops have also been 06:21.800 --> 06:24.022 working on the global stage to confront 06:24.022 --> 06:26.310 the threat of failed or failing states . 06:26.320 --> 06:29.420 Japanese peacekeepers have operated 06:29.420 --> 06:31.960 around the world , including the Golan 06:31.960 --> 06:34.580 Heights and East Timor and assisted 06:34.580 --> 06:37.330 with reconstruction in Iraq . In 06:37.330 --> 06:39.920 Afghanistan , Japan represents the 06:39.920 --> 06:42.790 second largest financial donor , making 06:42.790 --> 06:44.623 substantive contributions to the 06:44.623 --> 06:46.630 international effort by funding 06:46.630 --> 06:49.180 salaries of the Afghan national police 06:49.300 --> 06:51.189 and helping the Afghan government 06:51.189 --> 06:52.856 integrate former insurgents . 06:54.240 --> 06:56.184 Furthermore , Japan and the United 06:56.184 --> 06:58.073 States also continue to cooperate 06:58.073 --> 07:00.240 closely to ensure the maritime commons 07:00.240 --> 07:02.184 are safe and secure for commercial 07:02.184 --> 07:05.410 traffic . Our maritime forces work hand 07:05.410 --> 07:07.710 in glove in the western pacific as well 07:07.710 --> 07:10.190 as in other vital sea passages such as 07:10.200 --> 07:12.720 the strait of malacca between Malaysia 07:12.720 --> 07:14.942 and Indonesia , where more than a third 07:14.942 --> 07:17.109 of the world's oil and trade shipments 07:17.109 --> 07:20.110 pass through every year around the Horn 07:20.110 --> 07:22.277 of Africa . Japan has deployed surface 07:22.277 --> 07:24.443 ships and patrol aircraft that operate 07:24.443 --> 07:27.060 alongside those from all over the world 07:27.440 --> 07:29.710 drawn by the common goal to counter 07:29.710 --> 07:32.150 piracy in vital sea lanes 07:33.340 --> 07:35.290 participating in these activities 07:35.290 --> 07:37.670 thrust Japan's military into a 07:37.670 --> 07:40.000 relatively new and at times sensitive 07:40.000 --> 07:43.920 role as an exporter of security . This 07:43.920 --> 07:46.190 is a far cry from the situation of even 07:46.190 --> 07:49.120 two decades ago when as I remember well 07:49.120 --> 07:51.398 as a senior national security official , 07:51.398 --> 07:53.350 Japan was criticized for so called 07:53.350 --> 07:56.350 checkbook diplomacy , sending money but 07:56.350 --> 07:58.770 not troops to help the anti Saddam 07:58.770 --> 08:00.881 coalition during the first gulf war . 08:02.040 --> 08:04.040 By showing more willingness to send 08:04.040 --> 08:05.873 self defense forces abroad under 08:05.873 --> 08:08.490 international auspices consistent with 08:08.490 --> 08:11.290 your constitution , Japan is taking its 08:11.290 --> 08:13.560 rightful place alongside the world's 08:13.570 --> 08:16.630 other great democracies . That is part 08:16.630 --> 08:18.852 of the rationale for Japan's becoming a 08:18.852 --> 08:21.040 permanent member of a reformed United 08:21.040 --> 08:24.660 Nations Security Council . And since 08:24.660 --> 08:26.604 these challenges cannot be tackled 08:26.604 --> 08:28.820 through bilateral action alone , we 08:28.820 --> 08:30.900 must use the strong U . S . Japanese 08:30.900 --> 08:33.260 partnership as a platform to do more to 08:33.260 --> 08:35.560 strengthen multilateral institutions 08:36.140 --> 08:38.084 regional arrangements that must be 08:38.084 --> 08:40.760 inclusive , transparent and focused on 08:40.760 --> 08:43.650 results . Just a few months ago , I 08:43.650 --> 08:45.817 attended the historic first meeting of 08:45.817 --> 08:48.350 the Asean plus eight defense ministers 08:48.350 --> 08:51.710 meeting in Hanoi and I'm encouraged by 08:51.720 --> 08:53.690 Japan's decision to co chair the 08:53.690 --> 08:56.600 Military Medicine Working Group and as 08:56.600 --> 08:58.600 a proud pacific nation , the United 08:58.600 --> 09:00.767 States will take over the chairmanship 09:00.767 --> 09:02.378 of the ASia pacific Economic 09:02.378 --> 09:04.489 Cooperation Forum this year following 09:04.489 --> 09:07.450 Japan's successful tenure . Mhm 09:08.140 --> 09:09.751 Working through regional and 09:09.751 --> 09:11.918 international forums puts our alliance 09:11.918 --> 09:14.460 in the best position to confront some 09:14.460 --> 09:16.770 of ASIA's toughest security challenges . 09:17.640 --> 09:19.950 As we've been reminded once again in 09:19.950 --> 09:22.210 recent weeks , none has proved to be 09:22.210 --> 09:25.120 more vexing and enduring the north 09:25.120 --> 09:27.950 Korea , despite the hopes and best 09:27.950 --> 09:30.228 efforts of the South korean government , 09:30.540 --> 09:32.484 the U . S . And our allies and the 09:32.484 --> 09:35.000 international community , the character 09:35.000 --> 09:36.944 and priorities of the North korean 09:36.944 --> 09:40.330 regime sadly have not changed . North 09:40.330 --> 09:42.280 Korea's ability to launch another 09:42.280 --> 09:44.690 conventional ground invasion is much 09:44.690 --> 09:48.230 degraded from even a decade ago . But 09:48.230 --> 09:50.341 in other respects , it has grown more 09:50.341 --> 09:53.560 lethal and more destabilizing today . 09:53.560 --> 09:55.727 It is North Korea's pursuit of nuclear 09:55.727 --> 09:57.660 weapons and the proliferation of 09:58.040 --> 10:00.207 nuclear know how and ballistic missile 10:00.207 --> 10:01.984 equipment that have focused our 10:01.984 --> 10:04.040 attention developments that threaten 10:04.040 --> 10:06.440 not only the peninsula but the pacific 10:06.450 --> 10:09.360 rim and international stability as well . 10:10.720 --> 10:13.060 In response to a series of provocations , 10:13.440 --> 10:15.496 the most recent being the sinking of 10:15.496 --> 10:17.551 the Cheonan and North Korea's lethal 10:17.551 --> 10:19.551 shelling of a South korean island . 10:19.840 --> 10:21.896 Japan has stood shoulder to shoulder 10:21.896 --> 10:23.840 with the Republic of Korea and the 10:23.840 --> 10:26.110 United States . Our three countries 10:26.110 --> 10:28.110 continue to deepen our ties through 10:28.110 --> 10:30.750 defense trilateral talks . The kind of 10:30.750 --> 10:33.120 multilateral engagement among America's 10:33.120 --> 10:35.790 longstanding allies that the US would 10:35.790 --> 10:37.901 like to see strengthened and expanded 10:37.901 --> 10:41.290 over time . When and if North Korea's 10:41.290 --> 10:43.123 behavior gives us any reasons to 10:43.123 --> 10:45.000 believe that negotiations can be 10:45.000 --> 10:47.170 conducted productively and in good 10:47.170 --> 10:50.350 faith , we will work with Japan . South 10:50.350 --> 10:54.010 Korea Russia and china to resume 10:54.010 --> 10:56.450 engagement . Dialogue with North Korea 10:57.040 --> 10:59.840 Through the six party talks . The first 10:59.840 --> 11:01.970 step in the process should be north 11:01.970 --> 11:04.760 south engagement . But to be clear , 11:05.250 --> 11:08.110 the North must also take concrete steps 11:08.540 --> 11:10.750 to honor its international obligations 11:10.750 --> 11:13.030 and comply with UN Security Council 11:13.030 --> 11:16.390 resolutions . Any progress toward 11:16.390 --> 11:18.279 defusing the crisis on the korean 11:18.279 --> 11:20.690 peninsula must include the active 11:20.690 --> 11:22.690 support of the people's Republic of 11:22.690 --> 11:25.080 China . Where as you probably know , I 11:25.080 --> 11:27.920 just finished an official visit , China 11:27.920 --> 11:30.142 has been another important player whose 11:30.142 --> 11:32.253 economic growth has fueled prosperity 11:32.253 --> 11:34.530 in this part of the world . But 11:34.530 --> 11:36.680 questions about its intentions and 11:36.680 --> 11:39.400 opaque military modernization program 11:39.510 --> 11:41.566 have been a source of concern to its 11:41.566 --> 11:44.270 neighbors . Questions about china's 11:44.270 --> 11:46.270 growing role in the region manifest 11:46.270 --> 11:48.548 themselves in the territorial disputes . 11:48.710 --> 11:50.488 Most recently , the incident in 11:50.488 --> 11:53.170 september near the Senkaku islands , an 11:53.170 --> 11:55.281 incident that served as a reminder of 11:55.281 --> 11:57.281 the important and the importance of 11:57.281 --> 11:58.892 America's and Japan's treaty 11:58.892 --> 12:01.950 obligations to one another . The US 12:01.950 --> 12:04.340 position on maritime security remains 12:04.340 --> 12:06.920 clear . We have a national interest in 12:06.920 --> 12:08.980 the freedom of navigation , in 12:08.980 --> 12:10.924 unimpeded economic development and 12:10.924 --> 12:13.210 commerce and in respect for 12:13.210 --> 12:16.280 international law . We also believe 12:16.280 --> 12:18.570 that customary international law as 12:18.570 --> 12:20.681 reflected in the UN Convention on the 12:20.681 --> 12:22.830 Law of the sea , provides clear 12:22.830 --> 12:24.997 guidance on the appropriate use of the 12:24.997 --> 12:27.850 maritime domain and rights of access to 12:27.850 --> 12:31.090 it . Nonetheless , I disagree with 12:31.090 --> 12:32.780 those who portray china as an 12:32.780 --> 12:35.200 inevitable strategic adversary of the 12:35.200 --> 12:38.250 United States . We welcome china that 12:38.250 --> 12:40.417 plays a constructive role on the world 12:40.417 --> 12:43.090 stage . In fact , the goal of my visit 12:43.090 --> 12:45.312 was to improve our military to military 12:45.312 --> 12:47.920 relationship and outlying areas of 12:47.930 --> 12:50.650 common interest . It is precisely 12:50.650 --> 12:52.872 because we have questions about China's 12:52.872 --> 12:54.990 military , just as they might have 12:54.990 --> 12:56.934 similar questions about the United 12:56.934 --> 12:59.760 States that I believe healthy dialogue 12:59.760 --> 13:03.190 is needed . Last fall , President 13:03.190 --> 13:05.850 Obama and President hu Jintao made a 13:05.850 --> 13:07.940 commitment to advance sustained and 13:07.940 --> 13:10.300 reliable defense ties , not a 13:10.300 --> 13:13.020 relationship repeatedly interrupted and 13:13.020 --> 13:15.330 subject to the vagaries of political 13:15.330 --> 13:18.340 weather . On a personal note , one of 13:18.340 --> 13:20.562 the things I learned from my experience 13:20.562 --> 13:22.784 in dealing with the soviet union during 13:22.784 --> 13:25.000 my earlier time in government was the 13:25.000 --> 13:27.111 importance of maintaining a strategic 13:27.111 --> 13:28.630 dialogue and open lines of 13:28.630 --> 13:31.500 communication . Even if specific 13:31.500 --> 13:33.920 agreements did not result on nuclear 13:33.920 --> 13:36.330 weapons or anything else . This 13:36.330 --> 13:38.274 dialogue helped us understand each 13:38.274 --> 13:40.660 other better and lessen the odds of 13:40.660 --> 13:43.060 misunderstandings and miscalculations . 13:44.140 --> 13:46.780 The Cold War is mercifully long over 13:47.000 --> 13:49.167 and the circumstances with china today 13:49.170 --> 13:51.300 are vastly different . But the 13:51.300 --> 13:53.860 importance of maintaining dialogue is 13:53.860 --> 13:57.370 as important today . For the last few 13:57.370 --> 13:59.592 minutes I've discussed some of the most 13:59.592 --> 14:01.814 pressing security challenges along with 14:01.814 --> 14:03.814 the most fruitful areas of regional 14:03.814 --> 14:05.870 cooperation facing the United States 14:05.870 --> 14:08.460 and Japan and Asia . This environment 14:08.470 --> 14:10.850 in terms of threats and opportunities 14:11.240 --> 14:12.962 is markedly different than the 14:12.962 --> 14:15.073 conditions that led to the forging of 14:15.073 --> 14:16.684 the U . S . Japanese defense 14:16.684 --> 14:18.573 partnership . In the context of a 14:18.573 --> 14:21.160 rivalry between two global superpowers 14:22.040 --> 14:23.740 But on account of the scope , 14:23.750 --> 14:26.210 complexity and lethal 80 of these 14:26.210 --> 14:28.470 challenges , I would argue that our 14:28.470 --> 14:30.700 alliance is more necessary , more 14:30.700 --> 14:32.950 relevant and more important than ever . 14:34.240 --> 14:36.420 And maintaining the vitality and 14:36.420 --> 14:38.476 credibility of the alliance requires 14:38.476 --> 14:41.180 modernizing our force posture and other 14:41.180 --> 14:43.347 defense arrangements to better reflect 14:43.347 --> 14:45.500 the threats and military requirements 14:45.500 --> 14:48.510 of this century . For example , North 14:48.510 --> 14:50.621 Korea's ballistic missiles along with 14:50.621 --> 14:52.732 the proliferation of these weapons to 14:52.732 --> 14:54.610 other countries , require more 14:54.620 --> 14:56.780 effective alliance missile defense 14:56.780 --> 14:59.300 capability . The U . S . Japan 14:59.300 --> 15:01.244 partnership and missile defense is 15:01.244 --> 15:03.467 already one of the most advanced of its 15:03.467 --> 15:05.689 kind in the world . It was American and 15:05.689 --> 15:07.770 Japanese Egypt ships that together 15:07.770 --> 15:09.714 monitored the North Korean missile 15:09.714 --> 15:12.760 launches of 2006 and 2008 . 15:13.940 --> 15:15.884 This partnership , which relies on 15:15.884 --> 15:17.800 mutual support , cutting edge 15:17.800 --> 15:21.160 technology and information sharing in 15:21.160 --> 15:23.680 many ways reflect our alliance at its 15:23.680 --> 15:26.300 best . The U . S . And Japan have 15:26.300 --> 15:28.467 nearly completed the joint development 15:28.467 --> 15:30.770 of a new advanced interceptor , a 15:30.770 --> 15:32.826 system that represents a qualitative 15:32.826 --> 15:34.980 improvement over in our ability to 15:34.980 --> 15:37.260 thwart any North korean missile attack . 15:38.140 --> 15:40.330 The co location of our air and missile 15:40.330 --> 15:42.720 defense commands at Yokota and the 15:42.720 --> 15:44.360 associated opportunities for 15:44.360 --> 15:46.580 information sharing . Joint training 15:46.600 --> 15:49.570 and coordination in this area provides 15:49.570 --> 15:53.230 enormous value to both countries . As I 15:53.230 --> 15:55.420 alluded to earlier advances by the 15:55.420 --> 15:58.750 Chinese military and cyber and anti 15:58.750 --> 16:01.860 satellite warfare . Suppose a potential 16:01.860 --> 16:04.027 challenge to the ability of our forces 16:04.027 --> 16:06.370 to operate and communicate in this part 16:06.370 --> 16:09.620 of the pacific cyber attacks can also 16:09.620 --> 16:11.610 come from any direction and from a 16:11.610 --> 16:15.360 variety of sources state , non state or 16:15.360 --> 16:18.290 a combination thereof in ways that 16:18.290 --> 16:20.510 could inflict enormous damage to 16:20.510 --> 16:22.590 advanced network militaries and 16:22.590 --> 16:26.190 societies fortunately United States and 16:26.190 --> 16:28.280 Japan maintain a qualitative edge in 16:28.280 --> 16:31.410 satellite and computer technology . An 16:31.410 --> 16:33.632 advantage we are putting to good use in 16:33.632 --> 16:35.743 developing ways to counter threats to 16:35.743 --> 16:39.080 the cyber and space domains . Just last 16:39.080 --> 16:41.136 month , the government of Japan took 16:41.136 --> 16:43.247 another step forward in the evolution 16:43.247 --> 16:45.191 of the alliance . By releasing its 16:45.191 --> 16:47.610 National Defense Program guidelines , a 16:47.610 --> 16:49.690 document that lays out a vision for 16:49.690 --> 16:52.340 Japan's defense posture . These 16:52.340 --> 16:54.451 guidelines envision a more mobile and 16:54.451 --> 16:57.340 deployable force structure , enhanced 16:57.350 --> 16:59.128 intelligence , surveillance and 16:59.128 --> 17:02.160 reconnaissance capabilities and a shift 17:02.540 --> 17:05.450 in focus to Japan's southwest islands . 17:06.410 --> 17:08.188 These new guidelines provide an 17:08.188 --> 17:10.410 opportunity for even deeper cooperation 17:10.410 --> 17:12.500 between our two countries and the 17:12.500 --> 17:14.820 emphasis on your southwestern islands 17:14.830 --> 17:16.719 underscores the importance of our 17:16.719 --> 17:19.820 alliance force posture . And this is a 17:19.820 --> 17:22.520 key point because even as the alliance 17:22.520 --> 17:26.220 continues to evolve in strategy posture 17:26.340 --> 17:29.320 and military capabilities to deal with 17:29.320 --> 17:31.800 this century security challenge is a 17:31.800 --> 17:33.744 critical component will remain the 17:33.744 --> 17:35.911 forward presence of US military forces 17:35.911 --> 17:38.740 in Japan without such a presence , 17:38.740 --> 17:40.940 North Korea's military provocations 17:40.940 --> 17:43.270 could be even more outrageous or worse 17:44.040 --> 17:46.040 china might behave more assertively 17:46.050 --> 17:48.370 toward its neighbors . It would take 17:48.370 --> 17:50.670 longer to evacuate civilians affected 17:50.670 --> 17:52.892 by conflict or natural disasters in the 17:52.892 --> 17:55.470 region . It would be more difficult and 17:55.470 --> 17:57.870 costly to conduct robust joint 17:57.870 --> 18:00.360 exercises such as the recent keen sword 18:00.370 --> 18:02.910 exercise that home , the U . S . And 18:02.910 --> 18:05.440 Japanese military's ability to operate 18:05.640 --> 18:08.560 and if necessary , fight together and 18:08.560 --> 18:10.504 without the forward presence of US 18:10.504 --> 18:12.616 forces in Japan , there would be less 18:12.616 --> 18:14.671 information sharing and coordination 18:15.140 --> 18:17.251 and we would know less about regional 18:17.251 --> 18:19.362 threats and the military capabilities 18:19.362 --> 18:22.540 of our potential adversaries . Given 18:22.550 --> 18:24.772 its importance to our alliance , we are 18:24.772 --> 18:26.994 pleased to have come to an agreement on 18:26.994 --> 18:28.900 host nations support Japan's 18:28.900 --> 18:31.011 contribution to the financial cost of 18:31.011 --> 18:33.430 our shared defense efforts . This 18:33.430 --> 18:35.650 support is a tangible sign of Japan's 18:35.650 --> 18:37.960 commitment to our security relationship 18:38.540 --> 18:40.470 and it enables the US to continue 18:40.470 --> 18:42.526 deploying our most advanced military 18:42.526 --> 18:45.810 capabilities in your defense . We are 18:45.810 --> 18:48.160 committed in return to using these 18:48.160 --> 18:50.880 funds efficiently effectively and 18:50.880 --> 18:53.660 transparently . As part of our Green 18:53.660 --> 18:56.120 alliance agenda , we will together 18:56.120 --> 18:57.953 explore ways to make the U . S . 18:57.953 --> 19:00.250 Military presence more environmentally 19:00.250 --> 19:03.710 friendly . The realignment roadmap 19:03.720 --> 19:05.840 issued five years ago was designed to 19:05.840 --> 19:08.520 modernize our presence by updating US 19:08.520 --> 19:10.680 basing arrangements , the most 19:10.680 --> 19:12.902 significant being the relocation of the 19:12.902 --> 19:15.810 air station . Futenma communities that 19:15.810 --> 19:17.421 host our bases make critical 19:17.421 --> 19:19.790 contributions to Japan's security and 19:19.790 --> 19:21.910 peace in the region . But we are 19:21.910 --> 19:24.021 constantly seeking ways to reduce the 19:24.021 --> 19:26.100 impact the U . S . Military activity 19:26.100 --> 19:29.970 imposes on local populations . The 19:29.970 --> 19:32.190 futenma relocation plan will return 19:32.190 --> 19:34.540 land and facilities to the Okinawan 19:34.540 --> 19:37.410 people , move thousands of US troops 19:37.410 --> 19:39.466 and their dependents out of the most 19:39.466 --> 19:41.820 densely part of populated southern part 19:41.820 --> 19:44.670 of the island and move the air station 19:44.670 --> 19:47.520 to the less populated north . As a 19:47.520 --> 19:49.480 result , after the relocation is 19:49.480 --> 19:51.424 completed , the average citizen of 19:51.424 --> 19:55.350 Okinawa , we'll see and hear far fewer 19:55.350 --> 19:57.550 U . S . Troops and aircraft than they 19:57.560 --> 20:00.980 do today . Finally , as our alliance 20:00.980 --> 20:03.390 grows and deepens further still , it 20:03.390 --> 20:05.557 will be important for Japan to take on 20:05.557 --> 20:07.440 even greater regional and global 20:07.440 --> 20:09.580 leadership roles that reflect its 20:09.580 --> 20:12.010 political , economic and military 20:12.010 --> 20:15.050 capacity in the United States . We are 20:15.050 --> 20:17.690 engaged in a robust debate about the 20:17.690 --> 20:19.970 size , composition and cost of our 20:19.970 --> 20:23.120 military . Even as President Obama has 20:23.120 --> 20:25.009 committed the US to a strategy of 20:25.009 --> 20:27.630 engagement and cooperation with special 20:27.630 --> 20:30.470 emphasis on Asia , we will continue to 20:30.470 --> 20:32.192 maintain the military strength 20:32.192 --> 20:34.248 necessary to protect our interests , 20:34.370 --> 20:37.490 defend our allies and deter potential 20:37.490 --> 20:39.880 adversaries from acts of aggression and 20:39.880 --> 20:43.370 intimidation . To do this . We need a 20:43.370 --> 20:45.730 capable and committed security partner 20:45.740 --> 20:49.470 in Japan . I would close by noting that 20:49.480 --> 20:51.313 the world has changed to a truly 20:51.313 --> 20:53.536 remarkable extent since our partnership 20:53.536 --> 20:57.220 was first forged Just as no one in 1960 20:57.220 --> 20:59.109 could have predicted the need for 20:59.109 --> 21:01.164 cybersecurity or the challenges of a 21:01.164 --> 21:04.060 truly global economic order . We can't 21:04.060 --> 21:06.350 know with certainty what next threats 21:06.350 --> 21:08.683 and opportunities our nations will face . 21:10.240 --> 21:12.184 Shortly after it was signed at the 21:12.184 --> 21:13.907 White House , President Dwight 21:13.907 --> 21:16.073 Eisenhower hailed the treaty of mutual 21:16.073 --> 21:18.120 cooperation and Security as the 21:18.120 --> 21:20.860 fulfillment of a goal to establish an 21:20.870 --> 21:23.440 indestructible partnership between our 21:23.440 --> 21:26.320 two countries . I would say that over 21:26.320 --> 21:28.880 the past 50 years we have been faithful 21:28.890 --> 21:31.800 to that vision And whatever the next 50 21:31.800 --> 21:33.633 years old , I'm certain that our 21:33.633 --> 21:35.800 alliance will remain an indestructible 21:35.800 --> 21:38.790 force for stability pathway for 21:38.790 --> 21:41.100 promoting our shared values and a 21:41.100 --> 21:43.267 foundation upon which to build an ever 21:43.267 --> 21:45.340 more interconnected and peaceful 21:45.350 --> 21:47.360 international order . Thanks , 21:48.840 --> 21:52.600 We uh , 21:52.890 --> 21:59.500 we 21:59.510 --> 22:02.430 still have like 20 minutes and we're 22:03.600 --> 22:06.180 going to take a few questions from the 22:06.190 --> 22:08.301 floor . Uh , those of you who want to 22:08.301 --> 22:11.560 ask questions microphone 22:12.240 --> 22:14.960 Okay , so you need to look there 22:15.940 --> 22:19.760 forest and yeah , there 22:20.240 --> 22:23.880 second their 22:23.890 --> 22:27.870 third forces over 22:27.870 --> 22:31.210 there and I closed my 22:31.220 --> 22:33.850 fifth and if by some luck you may have 22:33.850 --> 22:36.260 another loud . All right , so please 22:36.260 --> 22:38.427 come to the microphone immediately and 22:38.427 --> 22:41.070 ran up there and without wasting time 22:41.080 --> 22:44.680 you can please identify yourself why 22:44.680 --> 22:48.080 you ask questions please thank you very 22:48.080 --> 22:50.550 much for today's speech . I'm our third 22:50.560 --> 22:53.960 grade student carry diversity . See 22:54.540 --> 22:58.510 um , so which case 22:58.520 --> 23:01.060 would be more threat fel to US policy 23:01.540 --> 23:04.730 first Japanese re mobilization without 23:04.740 --> 23:08.540 US alliance or two 23:08.550 --> 23:11.680 Chinese further development in major 23:11.680 --> 23:15.410 technology ? Well , I think 23:15.410 --> 23:19.100 that first of all we will we will see 23:19.100 --> 23:22.860 china further developing technology 23:23.340 --> 23:27.010 both for economic purposes but 23:27.010 --> 23:30.270 also for military purposes . We 23:30.840 --> 23:32.507 just seen earlier this week a 23:32.507 --> 23:35.480 demonstration of advances in In Chinese 23:35.480 --> 23:37.850 technology and the test flight of their 23:38.050 --> 23:41.710 J 20 stealth aircraft . So I think this 23:41.710 --> 23:44.180 is inevitable and the truth is most , 23:44.190 --> 23:47.990 most countries will continue to advance 23:47.990 --> 23:50.450 in their technology as well , including 23:50.450 --> 23:53.560 the United States . I think that 23:54.440 --> 23:57.350 The experience of the past 50 years has 23:57.360 --> 24:00.530 demonstrated the value of the 24:00.540 --> 24:02.651 partnership between the United States 24:02.740 --> 24:06.200 and Japan and were too , we're 24:06.210 --> 24:08.710 just among other things were to Japan 24:08.710 --> 24:12.030 to decide to go . it alone , believe me , 24:12.030 --> 24:14.530 the costs of its defense would rise 24:14.540 --> 24:17.950 dramatic because of our alliance , 24:18.440 --> 24:22.440 Japan has been secure against 24:22.440 --> 24:25.910 foreign threats for over half a 24:25.910 --> 24:29.690 century At a cost of less than 1% of 24:29.690 --> 24:33.670 its GDP . I would say in economic 24:33.680 --> 24:35.800 terms this alliance has been a very 24:35.810 --> 24:39.570 good deal for Japan and I 24:39.570 --> 24:42.240 think that I think there are also 24:42.240 --> 24:45.670 larger strategic issues than make clear 24:45.680 --> 24:49.260 that our partnership yeah , makes the 24:49.260 --> 24:51.970 two of us far stronger together than 24:51.970 --> 24:54.310 either of us would have would be 24:54.320 --> 24:57.150 operating independently . So I think 24:57.150 --> 24:59.670 that for a variety of both strategic 24:59.670 --> 25:03.580 and economic reasons , this alliance 25:03.580 --> 25:06.750 makes a lot of sense . Thank you very 25:06.750 --> 25:10.060 much . The second question do you speak 25:10.060 --> 25:13.900 in english and they should give us , I 25:13.900 --> 25:16.011 missed you guys , thank you very much 25:16.011 --> 25:17.956 for today's lecture . I have three 25:17.956 --> 25:20.122 questions which I would like to get to 25:20.122 --> 25:23.030 answer . You have mentioned that its 25:23.030 --> 25:25.320 loan for America to take hostile 25:25.330 --> 25:28.550 attitude throughout china . My first 25:28.550 --> 25:31.540 question is in what concrete aspects 25:31.550 --> 25:34.290 would it be possible to let cordial 25:34.300 --> 25:36.578 agreement with the chinese authorities ? 25:37.440 --> 25:40.350 But psychologists is at what point 25:40.350 --> 25:42.430 would be impossible for the United 25:42.430 --> 25:45.930 States to compromise . Uh since the 25:45.930 --> 25:47.920 United States and china are quite 25:47.930 --> 25:49.990 different to each other in terms of 25:50.000 --> 25:52.340 particle system sense of values and 25:52.350 --> 25:55.240 governance , it has been pointed out 25:55.250 --> 25:57.760 that harmonization is very much limited 25:58.140 --> 26:00.860 now . Final first show is how well they 26:00.860 --> 26:04.830 are impractical . So I'm sorry what was 26:04.830 --> 26:07.270 the third question First ? 26:10.040 --> 26:11.960 Second , third , 26:13.840 --> 26:16.410 uh since the United States and china 26:16.410 --> 26:18.690 are quite different to each other in 26:18.690 --> 26:21.030 terms of political system , sense of 26:21.030 --> 26:23.760 values and governance . It has been 26:23.760 --> 26:26.410 pointed out that howl incision is very 26:26.420 --> 26:29.360 vital limited of all the questions 26:29.740 --> 26:32.770 hospitalization may be practical . 26:38.640 --> 26:41.910 Well , first of all , I think there 26:41.910 --> 26:43.660 already have been a number of 26:45.140 --> 26:47.196 agreements between the United States 26:47.196 --> 26:49.960 and china over the years . Going back 26:49.960 --> 26:53.790 to the time of normalization , we have 26:53.790 --> 26:56.050 cooperated in certain security arenas , 26:57.260 --> 26:59.427 particularly when the soviet union was 26:59.427 --> 27:03.140 still in existence . Clearly , we have 27:03.140 --> 27:06.100 a very close and huge economic 27:06.110 --> 27:09.850 relationship . There are 27:10.320 --> 27:12.880 an extraordinary number of chinese 27:12.880 --> 27:15.060 students studying in the United States 27:15.060 --> 27:17.890 and there are very close ties between 27:17.900 --> 27:20.840 many United States universities and 27:21.070 --> 27:24.740 their counterparts in china . So I 27:24.740 --> 27:26.980 think there's a wide arrange a wide 27:26.980 --> 27:30.790 array of relationships between the 27:30.790 --> 27:34.230 United States and china , that that 27:34.240 --> 27:36.351 underpin the relationship between the 27:36.351 --> 27:39.940 two countries and provide opportunities 27:39.940 --> 27:42.770 for us to get to know each other better 27:43.140 --> 27:45.550 and also to cooperate in a number of 27:45.550 --> 27:48.990 areas . When I was in china , we looked 27:48.990 --> 27:52.860 at areas where we could work together 27:52.960 --> 27:55.300 where even our military's could work 27:55.300 --> 27:57.540 together and agreed that we would 27:57.540 --> 28:01.170 pursue joint efforts in 28:01.170 --> 28:03.226 humanitarian assistance and disaster 28:03.226 --> 28:06.310 relief in counterterrorism and counter 28:06.310 --> 28:10.010 piracy and in dealing with some of 28:10.010 --> 28:12.690 these other challenges that these 28:12.690 --> 28:14.970 nations all face and common and while 28:14.970 --> 28:17.210 we don't have a formal agreement . I 28:17.220 --> 28:19.220 think it is apparent , as I said 28:19.220 --> 28:21.780 yesterday that the United States and 28:21.780 --> 28:24.980 china along with Japan and South Korea 28:24.980 --> 28:28.130 and Russia very much have in common the 28:28.140 --> 28:31.090 need for stability and peace on the 28:31.100 --> 28:34.370 korean peninsula and have worked 28:34.370 --> 28:38.250 together to bring about that goal and 28:38.250 --> 28:41.980 will continue to do so areas where 28:41.990 --> 28:44.800 it's impossible to compromise . I would 28:44.800 --> 28:47.390 say one area that has been a 28:47.400 --> 28:49.456 fundamental principle for the United 28:49.456 --> 28:51.750 States of America virtually since its 28:51.760 --> 28:54.560 founding is the freedom of navigation , 28:55.240 --> 28:57.700 the freedom of the global commons for 28:57.700 --> 29:01.260 commerce and trade and for shipping . 29:01.740 --> 29:04.710 And we feel very strongly about this . 29:04.710 --> 29:08.670 This is a common principle that is 29:09.240 --> 29:12.740 enshrined in the UN law of the sea 29:12.750 --> 29:16.520 treaty and it is an area where I think 29:16.520 --> 29:18.520 there is very broad agreement among 29:18.520 --> 29:20.576 nations . So I would give that as an 29:20.576 --> 29:22.298 example where it would be very 29:22.298 --> 29:25.030 difficult for us to compromise . I 29:25.030 --> 29:27.086 think there are always opportunities 29:27.086 --> 29:29.110 for nations that have different 29:29.110 --> 29:33.070 economic and political systems 29:33.080 --> 29:36.060 to cooperate and to work together . 29:36.840 --> 29:40.790 Yeah , I think that We saw a 29:40.790 --> 29:42.490 lot of areas of cooperation , 29:42.490 --> 29:46.270 particularly in the 1980s and 1990s , 29:46.360 --> 29:48.527 even between the United States and the 29:48.527 --> 29:51.040 Soviet Union in trying to deal with 29:51.040 --> 29:54.360 common problems and trying to reduce 29:54.360 --> 29:57.010 the level of nuclear weapons and get 29:57.020 --> 30:00.220 better control of regional conflicts . 30:00.840 --> 30:03.440 So I think that there is the fact that 30:03.450 --> 30:06.090 two countries have different political 30:06.090 --> 30:08.860 and particularly different political 30:08.860 --> 30:12.360 systems is no obstacle . Two 30:13.440 --> 30:16.360 harmonious relationship and I think 30:16.370 --> 30:19.050 what we all work for is to ensure that 30:20.210 --> 30:22.043 those kinds of relationships are 30:22.043 --> 30:24.490 strengthened and expanded to the extent 30:24.490 --> 30:28.180 we possibly can . Alright , 30:28.190 --> 30:31.010 next time you've got to ask three 30:31.010 --> 30:34.980 questions just well , okay , thank you 30:34.980 --> 30:36.980 for today's opportunity . My name's 30:36.980 --> 30:40.460 cassia Nagano from Faculty of Law . Um 30:40.460 --> 30:42.770 since you mentioned about outlining 30:42.770 --> 30:44.830 common interests and sustaining and 30:44.830 --> 30:47.460 constructing relationship with China , 30:48.040 --> 30:50.040 I would like to ask you how you are 30:50.040 --> 30:52.040 looking at the current situation of 30:52.040 --> 30:54.760 china's civilian control over its army . 30:55.240 --> 30:57.760 And I ask this question because if 30:57.760 --> 31:01.250 truly the civilian leaders , including 31:01.250 --> 31:04.130 president who had no prior intel on the 31:04.140 --> 31:06.350 test flights of the self fighters , 31:07.040 --> 31:09.770 then doesn't that represent the 31:10.240 --> 31:13.140 apartness and the prominence of china's 31:13.140 --> 31:16.130 military military even within its own 31:16.130 --> 31:18.410 country as it is the world . Would you 31:18.410 --> 31:21.380 mind sharing your perspective ? This is 31:21.380 --> 31:24.370 an area where over the last several 31:24.370 --> 31:28.200 years we have seen 31:28.210 --> 31:29.670 some signs of 31:32.340 --> 31:34.530 I guess I would call it a disconnect 31:35.440 --> 31:38.940 between the military and the 31:38.940 --> 31:42.720 civilian leadership . We 31:42.720 --> 31:45.610 think that the civilian leadership was 31:45.610 --> 31:48.850 not aware of the aggressive approach by 31:49.340 --> 31:52.550 chinese ships to the U . S . Navy ship 31:52.550 --> 31:56.240 impeccable two or three years ago , we 31:56.240 --> 32:00.170 think that our information is that 32:00.540 --> 32:02.596 the civilian leadership may not have 32:02.596 --> 32:04.950 known about the anti satellite test 32:05.640 --> 32:07.696 that was conducted about three years 32:07.696 --> 32:10.900 ago . And as I indicated 32:10.900 --> 32:13.750 yesterday there were pretty clear 32:13.750 --> 32:16.950 indications that they were unaware of 32:19.240 --> 32:23.150 The flight test of the F 35 of the of 32:23.150 --> 32:25.670 the J 20 rather . And 32:27.840 --> 32:31.760 I think that part of this , 32:31.760 --> 32:34.870 based on my experience , very long 32:34.870 --> 32:38.110 experience in government is 32:39.340 --> 32:41.440 can be explained by , yeah , 32:42.540 --> 32:46.470 bureaucratic mistakes . There 32:46.480 --> 32:49.560 have been more than a few occasions 32:49.560 --> 32:52.730 when the United States military was 32:52.730 --> 32:54.897 conducting an exercise or carrying out 32:54.897 --> 32:57.360 an activity and 32:58.940 --> 33:02.370 not sensitive to the fact that a 33:02.370 --> 33:04.537 foreign visitor might be in Washington 33:04.540 --> 33:08.080 at the same time . But on the whole , I 33:08.090 --> 33:10.770 do think that this is something that 33:11.840 --> 33:15.610 that is a worry . And 33:15.620 --> 33:17.780 one of the reasons why I have pressed 33:17.780 --> 33:21.770 so hard for there to be a 33:22.340 --> 33:26.160 deeper senior level civilian military 33:26.160 --> 33:29.810 dialogue with both civilian and 33:29.810 --> 33:31.754 military representatives from both 33:31.754 --> 33:35.750 sides from both countries is that we 33:35.750 --> 33:38.330 have no forum right now on security 33:38.330 --> 33:41.910 issues of our military 33:41.910 --> 33:45.840 issues that includes senior civilians 33:45.840 --> 33:49.500 and military . And and I think 33:49.500 --> 33:51.790 that one of the questions I was asked 33:51.800 --> 33:53.411 by the chinese is how do you 33:53.411 --> 33:55.356 differentiate this from all of the 33:55.356 --> 33:57.467 other mechanisms for dialogue and the 33:57.467 --> 34:00.410 military to military arena ? And my 34:00.410 --> 34:04.200 argument back was this would 34:04.210 --> 34:06.730 be this is this would be the only one 34:06.730 --> 34:08.952 where senior civilians and military are 34:08.952 --> 34:12.190 sitting together . And I think that has 34:13.140 --> 34:16.760 great benefit . And I think that 34:17.640 --> 34:21.160 I don't I don't question the party's 34:21.160 --> 34:25.120 control of the LA military or 34:25.120 --> 34:29.090 of the LA I have no 34:29.090 --> 34:32.730 doubts about the fact the president hu 34:32.730 --> 34:36.260 jintao his in command and in charge , 34:37.540 --> 34:40.320 but but I just know from our own system 34:40.320 --> 34:42.880 at times , there are disconnect between 34:42.890 --> 34:46.650 military information flowing to to our 34:46.650 --> 34:48.670 civilian leaders frankly , this has 34:48.670 --> 34:50.559 been one of the benefits over the 34:50.559 --> 34:52.614 decades for the United States of the 34:52.614 --> 34:54.392 National Security Council , the 34:54.392 --> 34:56.503 National Security Council staff where 34:56.503 --> 34:58.670 the civilian and military sides of the 34:58.670 --> 35:00.448 government are brought together 35:00.448 --> 35:02.559 routinely and where information about 35:02.559 --> 35:04.892 military operations is shared in detail , 35:04.892 --> 35:07.059 not just with the White House but also 35:07.059 --> 35:09.460 with the State Department . So we are 35:09.460 --> 35:11.640 tied closely together . So I think 35:11.640 --> 35:13.418 there are opportunities in this 35:13.418 --> 35:16.860 dialogue to advance that kind of 35:17.840 --> 35:21.760 civilian military cooperation and 35:22.440 --> 35:24.329 and I think it would also enhance 35:24.329 --> 35:26.384 military to military relationships . 35:27.940 --> 35:30.910 Thank you very much . Next time . My 35:30.910 --> 35:33.450 name is Watanabe from Faculty of Policy 35:33.450 --> 35:36.030 Management . My question is 35:38.640 --> 35:41.590 considering the Japan's new defense 35:41.590 --> 35:43.950 strategy that was published last year 35:43.960 --> 35:47.960 on , I want to know what is the 35:47.970 --> 35:50.870 role of Japan and what do you exactly 35:50.870 --> 35:54.550 expect from Japanese government about 35:55.140 --> 35:57.362 air sea battle ? Cause it , thank you . 35:59.040 --> 36:02.960 Well , first of all , we are 36:02.960 --> 36:06.870 fully cognizant of the terms of 36:06.870 --> 36:10.340 Japan's constitution and that that 36:10.350 --> 36:13.130 imposes limits in terms of what the 36:13.130 --> 36:16.470 self defense forces can do . By the 36:16.470 --> 36:18.830 same token as I mentioned in my remarks , 36:18.830 --> 36:20.660 one of the things that we have 36:21.530 --> 36:23.830 applauded has been a growing 36:23.830 --> 36:27.560 willingness of the Japanese government 36:27.570 --> 36:31.150 to employed its military 36:31.150 --> 36:33.100 capabilities under international 36:33.100 --> 36:36.070 auspices for peacekeeping and counter 36:36.070 --> 36:38.370 piracy and dealing with some of these 36:38.370 --> 36:40.314 other issues . These these are the 36:40.314 --> 36:43.260 kinds of responsibilities great powers 36:43.270 --> 36:46.160 must assume . I think 36:46.160 --> 36:49.350 that are close working relationship , 36:49.730 --> 36:52.990 the exercises we do together clearly 36:53.000 --> 36:55.390 are in the framework of the defense of 36:55.400 --> 36:58.590 Japan and allowing us to be able to 36:58.590 --> 37:02.080 fulfill our obligations under the 37:02.080 --> 37:05.560 mutual security , treating clearly over 37:05.560 --> 37:07.660 the years . We have a 37:09.630 --> 37:11.686 discussed on many occasions with the 37:11.686 --> 37:14.870 Japanese whether the limits of the 37:14.870 --> 37:18.800 constitution extend for example to if 37:18.800 --> 37:20.700 U . S . And Japanese forces are 37:20.700 --> 37:23.670 exercising or operating together and 37:23.670 --> 37:26.840 the U . S . Forces are attacked . Do 37:26.840 --> 37:28.830 the do the Japanese forces come to 37:28.830 --> 37:30.800 their assistance and frankly we're 37:30.800 --> 37:32.800 still working through some of these 37:32.800 --> 37:35.300 issues but I think this is the value of 37:35.300 --> 37:39.030 the dialogue we have . Um our 37:39.030 --> 37:41.320 relationship with the Japanese self 37:41.320 --> 37:43.376 defense forces has gotten better and 37:43.376 --> 37:45.950 better every single year and frankly 37:45.950 --> 37:48.540 has I think improved fairly 37:48.540 --> 37:51.020 dramatically in recent years and we'll 37:51.020 --> 37:52.964 continue working together . So our 37:52.964 --> 37:55.940 expectations of Japan is first of all 37:55.940 --> 37:58.107 that they will do what is necessary in 37:58.107 --> 38:01.290 terms of their own interests to defend 38:01.290 --> 38:04.920 Japan . But we also welcome their 38:04.920 --> 38:07.060 broader interpretation of Japan's 38:07.060 --> 38:09.338 international responsibilities as well . 38:11.220 --> 38:14.050 Thank you . I am afraid that this is 38:14.050 --> 38:17.610 going to be a christian right out . So 38:17.610 --> 38:19.840 I'm sorry for the rest of us are us . 38:20.320 --> 38:22.542 Okay , thank you , thank you partner up 38:22.542 --> 38:22.340 for sure . 38:26.420 --> 38:29.810 The I want to ask you about the gap 38:29.820 --> 38:33.380 between the chinese military 38:33.640 --> 38:37.340 to and political leaders 38:37.720 --> 38:40.950 and there's some arguments about that . 38:42.920 --> 38:46.420 Mhm . The Americas , United 38:46.420 --> 38:49.650 States foreign strategy calls the gap 38:50.220 --> 38:53.760 and some people believe that the 38:53.760 --> 38:56.670 America is one of the main causes of 38:56.670 --> 38:59.590 the creating the gap . I would like to 38:59.590 --> 39:02.140 ask how you think about this . 39:04.620 --> 39:06.898 Well I wish we had that much influence . 39:08.620 --> 39:12.480 Right ? The I think the United 39:12.480 --> 39:15.680 States that has 39:16.100 --> 39:19.960 to the degree yeah that there is some 39:19.960 --> 39:23.710 kind of a gap I can assure you that we 39:23.710 --> 39:26.860 have had no role in creating it and see 39:26.860 --> 39:30.270 it in our interest to close it . But 39:30.270 --> 39:32.437 this is a matter . This is an internal 39:32.437 --> 39:34.330 matter for the chinese and as I 39:34.330 --> 39:38.110 indicated earlier , although 39:38.110 --> 39:41.030 on some specific operational issues 39:41.040 --> 39:43.070 there we think there have been some 39:43.070 --> 39:46.770 communication gaps in the larger sense 39:46.770 --> 39:50.030 of who controls the chinese 39:50.030 --> 39:53.320 military and who has the ultimate 39:53.320 --> 39:55.320 authority . There is no doubt in my 39:55.320 --> 39:58.750 mind that it is President hu jin town 39:58.760 --> 40:02.660 and night civilian leadership of 40:02.660 --> 40:06.460 that government . So , but I 40:06.460 --> 40:08.430 think that the dialogue that I'm 40:08.430 --> 40:10.990 talking about and that I propose to the 40:10.990 --> 40:14.940 chinese has the potential to reduce 40:14.940 --> 40:17.830 the chances of miscommunications 40:19.010 --> 40:21.860 as well as deal with some of the larger 40:21.860 --> 40:24.027 issues that we've been talking about , 40:24.027 --> 40:25.749 whether it's for navigation or 40:27.610 --> 40:29.530 technological developments in 40:29.540 --> 40:33.480 capabilities . But I just 40:33.480 --> 40:35.670 want to underscore , I believe we've 40:35.670 --> 40:38.750 seen instances where specific events 40:38.750 --> 40:41.880 took place where the chinese civilian 40:41.880 --> 40:43.880 leadership may not have known about 40:43.880 --> 40:45.769 them in advance . But in terms of 40:45.769 --> 40:48.320 overall control of the chinese military 40:48.320 --> 40:50.930 forces . I have no doubt whatsoever 40:51.410 --> 40:53.580 that President hu and the civilian 40:53.580 --> 40:56.820 leadership are fully in command . Thank 40:56.820 --> 40:58.931 you very much . Thank you very much . 41:02.310 --> 41:06.140 I found everybody . I was also , 41:06.870 --> 41:10.440 Can you get peaceful ? 41:11.010 --> 41:13.910 Thank you . We're preserving something , 41:14.710 --> 41:15.130 Yeah .