WEBVTT 00:33.230 --> 00:35.230 donna and they're not good enough . 00:36.420 --> 00:38.560 What's next for europe ? Well , 00:40.840 --> 00:41.940 yeah , 00:44.540 --> 00:48.460 Between March 1992 and December 00:48.460 --> 00:50.780 1995 Bosnian Muslims , often known as 00:50.780 --> 00:53.620 Bosniaks , Bosnian Croats and Bosnian 00:53.620 --> 00:55.620 Serbs fought each other in Europe's 00:55.620 --> 00:57.842 bloodiest conflict since the end of the 00:57.842 --> 00:59.842 Second World War . During the war , 00:59.842 --> 01:01.731 Bosnia , Herzegovina actually had 01:01.731 --> 01:03.453 Almost as many as five or more 01:03.453 --> 01:05.564 conflicts going on at the same time . 01:05.564 --> 01:08.590 Over 100,000 people died . 2.3 million 01:08.590 --> 01:10.423 fled their homes and more than a 01:10.423 --> 01:14.400 million took refuge abroad . Despite 01:14.400 --> 01:16.400 the decisive role that NATO came to 01:16.400 --> 01:18.567 play in Bosnian hurts a governor . The 01:18.567 --> 01:20.789 alliance was slow to join international 01:20.789 --> 01:23.011 efforts to end the fighting . Why do we 01:23.011 --> 01:25.280 get involved ? Mainly ? Not really for 01:25.290 --> 01:27.457 the right strategic reason not so much 01:27.457 --> 01:29.179 because we saw our interest in 01:29.179 --> 01:31.401 intervening in Yugoslavia to put a stop 01:31.401 --> 01:33.623 to the bloodshed , but more because the 01:33.623 --> 01:35.940 United Nations in 1993 came knocking on 01:35.940 --> 01:37.730 our door , they needed NATO's 01:37.730 --> 01:39.860 assistance with ships in the Adriatic 01:39.940 --> 01:42.051 to form a kind of naval blockade . So 01:42.051 --> 01:44.330 stop the weapons coming in . NATO 01:44.330 --> 01:46.310 aircraft were also called upon to 01:46.310 --> 01:48.730 enforce a no fly zone over the country 01:48.900 --> 01:50.956 and to provide air support to the UN 01:50.956 --> 01:53.800 peacekeeping force . And performed NATO 01:53.800 --> 01:55.870 and un commanders both had to agree 01:55.870 --> 01:58.037 before air operations could be carried 01:58.037 --> 02:01.930 out 1990 for NATO fighters engaged 02:01.930 --> 02:04.210 in air strikes several times often in 02:04.210 --> 02:06.377 support of U.N . peacekeepers who were 02:06.377 --> 02:09.400 under attack . All those people engaged 02:09.400 --> 02:11.730 in the war at the most . They wanted 02:11.730 --> 02:13.970 you to do was to help them and the 02:13.970 --> 02:16.192 least they wanted you to do was not get 02:16.192 --> 02:19.660 in their way . So finally you finished 02:19.660 --> 02:21.827 up as a result in a position of either 02:21.827 --> 02:24.530 being a hostage or a shield to one or 02:24.530 --> 02:27.830 other or both factions . The situation 02:27.830 --> 02:30.108 on the ground continued to deteriorate . 02:30.108 --> 02:32.260 In the spring and summer of 1995 , 02:32.640 --> 02:34.584 hundreds of peacekeepers have been 02:34.584 --> 02:36.307 taken hostage and the complete 02:36.307 --> 02:38.320 withdrawal of UN forces was a real 02:38.320 --> 02:42.210 possibility . There was no peace to 02:42.210 --> 02:44.670 keep , but the UN force had neither the 02:44.670 --> 02:46.620 mandate nor the capabilities to go 02:46.620 --> 02:49.730 beyond classical peacekeeping . A more 02:49.730 --> 02:53.030 robust approach was required . Wow . At 02:53.030 --> 02:55.310 the end of june an anglo dutch french 02:55.310 --> 02:57.670 rapid reaction force was deployed to a 02:57.670 --> 03:00.280 base outside Sarajevo , but many 03:00.560 --> 03:02.616 believed that the alliance could and 03:02.616 --> 03:04.393 should do more to end the war . 03:07.640 --> 03:10.110 The massacre of some 8000 Bosniak men 03:10.110 --> 03:13.070 and boys in july 1995 . Srebrenica , 03:13.080 --> 03:15.310 one of several muslim enclaves which 03:15.310 --> 03:17.532 have been declared a U . N . Safe haven 03:17.532 --> 03:20.270 proved to be a watershed international 03:20.270 --> 03:22.159 courts have since ruled that this 03:22.159 --> 03:24.214 bloody attack by Bosnian serb forces 03:24.214 --> 03:27.690 was an act of genocide . It was 03:27.700 --> 03:29.756 probably the biggest disgrace of the 03:29.756 --> 03:31.970 international community in the highly 03:31.970 --> 03:34.192 charged atmosphere . Following the fall 03:34.192 --> 03:36.026 of Srebrenica , an international 03:36.026 --> 03:38.026 conference was held in London on 21 03:38.026 --> 03:40.640 July another eastern en clave shepherd 03:40.650 --> 03:42.780 had also come under attack and it was 03:42.780 --> 03:45.002 feared that garage door would be next . 03:45.340 --> 03:47.700 The threat was made to the Bosnian 03:47.700 --> 03:50.830 Serbs that if there was another attack 03:50.830 --> 03:54.800 on a safe area then we 03:54.800 --> 03:58.060 the nations NATO would bomb 03:58.820 --> 04:02.150 and continue to bomb until they stopped . 04:02.150 --> 04:05.300 For that reason , operation had to be 04:05.300 --> 04:07.411 planned by NATO . This wasn't just an 04:07.411 --> 04:10.560 extension anymore of the um 04:11.240 --> 04:13.480 of the no fly zone or giving close air 04:13.480 --> 04:16.810 support and we the U . N . Force on the 04:16.810 --> 04:19.550 ground had to plan for this as well . 04:20.340 --> 04:22.451 At the end of august when what proved 04:22.451 --> 04:24.618 after investigation to be a serb fired 04:24.618 --> 04:26.900 mortar exploded in Sarajevo's Mark ali 04:26.900 --> 04:29.200 market . NATO air strikes were called 04:29.200 --> 04:29.380 in 04:29.390 --> 04:35.620 the 04:35.630 --> 04:37.797 support of the international forces on 04:37.797 --> 04:39.630 the ground . NATO's two week air 04:39.630 --> 04:41.408 campaign Help lift the siege of 04:41.408 --> 04:43.700 Sarajevo and changed the dynamics of 04:43.700 --> 04:45.533 the war . This paved the way for 04:45.533 --> 04:47.920 diplomatic negotiations and the signing 04:47.920 --> 04:51.150 of the Dayton Peace Agreement on 14 04:51.150 --> 04:52.360 December 1995 . 04:57.220 --> 04:59.442 The peace settlement was very complex , 04:59.442 --> 05:01.840 Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into 05:01.840 --> 05:04.050 two entities , the Bosnian Croat 05:04.050 --> 05:07.270 Federation and the serb republic . This 05:07.270 --> 05:09.492 led to significant population movements 05:09.492 --> 05:13.030 along the entity borderlines . Some 05:13.030 --> 05:15.940 100,000 Serbs moved out fearful for 05:15.940 --> 05:19.250 their future . They were looting and 05:19.250 --> 05:21.790 burning their own houses just in order 05:21.790 --> 05:24.460 not to leave them to the those who they 05:24.460 --> 05:26.770 saw as enemies at the time . The high 05:26.770 --> 05:28.992 representative was appointed to oversee 05:28.992 --> 05:31.159 the implementation of civilian aspects 05:31.159 --> 05:33.270 of the peace agreement and a NATO led 05:33.270 --> 05:35.214 peacekeeping force was deployed to 05:35.214 --> 05:38.960 oversee the military aspects . Mhm 05:39.440 --> 05:42.060 the implementation force ifor oversaw 05:42.060 --> 05:44.210 the end of hostilities . the transfer 05:44.210 --> 05:46.377 of territory , the cantonment of heavy 05:46.377 --> 05:47.877 weapons and the process of 05:47.877 --> 05:51.250 demobilisation , we created a sauce 05:51.260 --> 05:54.690 zero zone of separation , 10 kilometer 05:54.690 --> 05:57.900 wide demilitarized zone where no heavy 05:57.900 --> 06:00.290 weapons could be stationed . We had 06:00.290 --> 06:02.457 60,000 troops , which meant that there 06:02.457 --> 06:04.568 was soldiers on every street corner . 06:04.568 --> 06:06.734 Considering it was NATO's first ground 06:06.734 --> 06:08.846 mission , I think it was a tremendous 06:08.846 --> 06:10.512 success . These were NATO led 06:10.512 --> 06:12.568 operations , obviously based on NATO 06:12.568 --> 06:14.690 infrastructure , but they involved 06:14.690 --> 06:16.301 nations from outside of NATO 06:16.301 --> 06:18.412 participating , including the Russian 06:18.412 --> 06:21.310 federation , was replaced by the 32,000 06:21.310 --> 06:23.740 strong stabilization force . S four in 06:23.740 --> 06:25.550 december 1996 . 06:29.740 --> 06:33.660 The implementation force Ifor was 06:33.670 --> 06:36.970 much more , I should say combat forces 06:36.970 --> 06:40.560 heavy , whereas the S 06:40.560 --> 06:43.910 for the stabilization force was much 06:43.910 --> 06:46.050 more oriented to the task of 06:46.050 --> 06:48.900 stabilizing s for took on a broader 06:48.900 --> 06:51.067 range of tasks and worked closely with 06:51.067 --> 06:53.067 other international organizations , 06:53.067 --> 06:54.956 especially the Office of the High 06:54.956 --> 06:56.920 Representative , the HR , to help 06:56.920 --> 06:58.864 create the conditions in which the 06:58.864 --> 07:01.020 country could rebuild . S first new 07:01.020 --> 07:03.520 approach manifested itself in various 07:03.520 --> 07:06.950 ways . In 1997 S for took control of 07:06.950 --> 07:09.172 the transmission towers of Bosnian serb 07:09.172 --> 07:11.339 television , which have been producing 07:11.339 --> 07:13.228 propaganda and hate speech as for 07:13.228 --> 07:17.220 provided support to OHR and the rest of 07:17.220 --> 07:20.200 the international community in let's 07:20.200 --> 07:22.880 say , rearranging political environment 07:22.880 --> 07:26.190 in the country . In the summer of 1997 07:26.270 --> 07:28.492 the strong presence of S four troops in 07:28.492 --> 07:30.659 Banja luka , help protect the moderate 07:30.659 --> 07:32.492 Bosnian serb . President Biljana 07:32.492 --> 07:35.380 Plavsic from hard line elements . A few 07:35.380 --> 07:38.540 years later , in 2001 S4 was called on 07:38.540 --> 07:40.730 to Radar Bank in Mostar , where funds 07:40.730 --> 07:42.952 were being misused to finance a move to 07:42.952 --> 07:45.660 establish a third separate croat entity . 07:46.040 --> 07:48.620 S for also played a role in locating 07:48.630 --> 07:50.670 and arresting war crimes suspects . 07:50.700 --> 07:52.860 National authorities were expected to 07:52.860 --> 07:55.000 hand over war crimes suspects to the 07:55.000 --> 07:57.222 International Criminal Tribunal for the 07:57.222 --> 07:59.278 former Yugoslavia in the Hague . But 07:59.278 --> 08:02.740 this was not happening at first in July 08:02.740 --> 08:05.550 1997 . S for started snatch operations 08:05.680 --> 08:08.350 and over the next few years arrested 28 08:08.360 --> 08:10.430 individuals and killed two who were 08:10.430 --> 08:12.560 resisting arrest . This helped break 08:12.560 --> 08:15.170 the cycle of impunity , Bosnia moved 08:15.180 --> 08:19.070 into a new phase into a new phase where 08:19.070 --> 08:21.420 for the first time , people actually 08:21.430 --> 08:24.730 really started to talk about crimes 08:24.730 --> 08:27.160 that have been committed during the war . 08:27.740 --> 08:31.290 By late 2008 , of 161 persons 08:31.290 --> 08:34.200 indicted for war crimes a 159 have been 08:34.200 --> 08:36.533 brought to justice . One way or another . 08:36.940 --> 08:38.980 Mhm . The continued liberty and 08:38.990 --> 08:41.130 influence of individuals indicted for 08:41.130 --> 08:42.908 war crimes have been one of the 08:42.908 --> 08:44.908 greatest obstacles discouraging the 08:44.908 --> 08:48.900 return of refugees . The security issue 08:48.900 --> 08:51.350 was the main issue for refugee returns . 08:51.360 --> 08:54.820 You have to make sure that in the 08:54.830 --> 08:57.920 communities in the entities , the 08:57.930 --> 09:00.380 people were received well and not 09:00.390 --> 09:03.170 arrest and be driven out once again , 09:03.180 --> 09:05.320 after the first few years as the 09:05.320 --> 09:07.660 security situation improved , the rate 09:07.660 --> 09:10.600 of refugee returns increased thanks to 09:10.600 --> 09:13.670 us for one million people return to 09:13.670 --> 09:16.090 their homes During the nine years that 09:16.090 --> 09:18.257 NATO-led forces remained in Bosnia and 09:18.257 --> 09:20.640 Herzegovina , 43 different countries 09:20.640 --> 09:22.473 from Europe and around the world 09:22.473 --> 09:24.790 contributed peacekeepers . Troop 09:24.790 --> 09:27.012 numbers were reduced progressively from 09:27.012 --> 09:30.700 the original 60,000 to around 7000 in 09:30.700 --> 09:32.820 december 2000 and four . Thanks to 09:32.820 --> 09:35.100 progress on the ground , NATO handed 09:35.100 --> 09:37.044 over the security operation to the 09:37.044 --> 09:39.350 european union but continue to support 09:39.350 --> 09:41.150 the operation with assets and 09:41.150 --> 09:44.940 capabilities . Yeah . Yeah . Yeah . 09:45.540 --> 09:45.860 Mhm .